33 research outputs found
ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π‘ΠΠ
The article is devoted to applied methods of foreign policy analysis of CIS countries. Expectations of the population in foreign policy are considered on the basis of opinion polls, analysis of exports and imports, membership in international organizations, content analysis of doctrinal foreign policy documents, as well as vote on the most pressing issues in the UN General Assembly are analysed. Conclusions presented in the article is only a part of the project of analysis of the foreign policy of the CIS countries, implemented at the Department of Theory and History of International Relations of People''s Friendship University of Russia.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π‘ΠΠ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ Π² ΠΠ ΠΠΠ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ - ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π‘ΠΠ, ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π Π£ΠΠ
ΠΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌ ΠΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ: ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·
The subject of the study covers the priority areas (both geographical and sectoral) of development cooperation provided by the Russian Federation and the Peoples' Republic of China to the Asian and African states. The authors conduct a comparative analysis of the main recipients of assistance from the two countries, as well as its main sectors for 2011-2014. The methodological basis of this study is based on the principles of reliability and scientific objectivity. The study applied the method of comparative analysis, which includes elements of both quantitative and qualitative approach. The authors present the methodological challenges that arise while collecting statistical data and comparing aid flows of new donors. The data on development cooperation of the PRC (recipients, directions, volumes) presented in the AidData project is widely used. Data on Russian development cooperation is partially presented in OECD statistics, but it covers only data on the total amount of assistance to recipients. Since the data on Chinese aid is available for the period of 2000-2014, and on Russian aid - for 2011-2017, the study period for data comparison includes 2011-2014. The result of the study is summarized in the table with the top-10 recipients of the Russian and the Chinese assistance to countries in Asia and Africa. Quantitative data on the flows of Russian and Chinese aid is complemented by qualitative data on specific assistance projects and the characteristics of their implementation, which allows to form a more complex picture of the two new donors' flows and outline directions for coordinating their efforts in Asia and Africa.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅) ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΠΠ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌ ΠΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π° 2011-2014 Π³Π³. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Ρ
Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΠΠ (ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ), ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ AidData. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠΠ‘Π , ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌ. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Ρ Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ 2000-2014 Π³Π³., Π° ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ - Π·Π° 2011-2017 Π³Π³., ΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄, Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 2011-2014 Π³Π³. ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ 10 ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌ ΠΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ Π¦Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ: Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²
On 25 September 2015, on the 70th anniversary session of the United Nations General Assembly, 193 countries adopted a comprehensive and ambitious set of development goals aimed at the eradication of poverty in all its forms. This article analyzes the consultative process of the Sustainable Development Goals, as well as the positions of countries in negotiations, divided into two groups: donor countries and recipient countries. Concerning the consultative process, a detailed analysis of the main groups was submitted, along with the structure of the negotiations and the various mechanisms that provided for an unprecedented open and comprehensive negotiating process. Furthermore, a detailed review of the countries' positions in the Open Working Group (OWG), that includes a comparative analysis of the donor country statements (traditional, new, and Arab donors) and statements from recipient countries (by region). In conclusion, the success that countries have achieved in the SDGs' negotiation process, give much hope for further progressive work and opportunity solving global world problems.25 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 2015 Π³. Π½Π° ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ 70-ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ ΠΠΠ 193 ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ Π¦Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
, ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ: ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ-Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½-Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² (ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
, Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²) ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½-ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌ). ΠΠ΅Π»Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ Π¦Π£Π , Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π¦Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ
Formal models in international studies
The article investigates the formal models as a method of analysis in international studies. The importance of this type of models in writing articles for world leading high-ranking journals from Scopus list is shown. The author reveals the main challenges of interdisciplinary synthesis related to the construction of formal models. The problem of identifying the actors of international relations is revealed, including the assessment of actor's involvement in a concrete international conflict (or process) in the context of the concepts of defensive and offensive realism, as well as of real and of latent (potential) power. The decrease in the influence of the state as the primary actor in international relations, and the increase of influence of new types of actors are shown, including international terrorist networks (led by IS), political parties, media and NGOs in the context of post-modernism, global business structures. At the national level, the main actors are illustrated both by the example of countries with a developed civil society and a market economy, and by that of the traditional non-Western society. The question of levels of analysis in international relations, as well as agent-structure problem are illustrated by concrete cases from modern international relations. The author describes a model of "nested" politics. The main types of models used in international studies (game theoretic, econometric, network analysis, simulation) are indicated as well as their shortcomings. Two kinds of simulation models - system dynamics and agent-based modeling are described. It is noted that the agent-based modeling is carried out mainly in the framework of the constructivist paradigm of international relations theory
Formal models in international studies
The article investigates the formal models as a method of analysis in international studies. The importance of this type of models in writing articles for world leading high-ranking journals from Scopus list is shown. The author reveals the main challenges of interdisciplinary synthesis related to the construction of formal models. The problem of identifying the actors of international relations is revealed, including the assessment of actor's involvement in a concrete international conflict (or process) in the context of the concepts of defensive and offensive realism, as well as of real and of latent (potential) power. The decrease in the influence of the state as the primary actor in international relations, and the increase of influence of new types of actors are shown, including international terrorist networks (led by IS), political parties, media and NGOs in the context of post-modernism, global business structures. At the national level, the main actors are illustrated both by the example of countries with a developed civil society and a market economy, and by that of the traditional non-Western society. The question of levels of analysis in international relations, as well as agent-structure problem are illustrated by concrete cases from modern international relations. The author describes a model of "nested" politics. The main types of models used in international studies (game theoretic, econometric, network analysis, simulation) are indicated as well as their shortcomings. Two kinds of simulation models - system dynamics and agent-based modeling are described. It is noted that the agent-based modeling is carried out mainly in the framework of the constructivist paradigm of international relations theory
Replicability of Research on International Relations As a Global Trend
Abstract: This article is dedicated to the replication policy of leading world journals on international relations. The opportunity to replicate (reproduce) research results presented in foreign periodicals is viewed as an important factor of publication ethics. The experience of leading world journals and the US research infrastructure in the sphere of international relations are analyzed. The special role of the Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research is shown, as well as that of the rising alternative Dataverse project, which is being developed by the Harvard Institute for Quantitative Social Science. A cross-cultural analysis of the use of research data in the leading countries of Europe and the world has been carried out. The recent efforts of Chinese universities to develop a scientific infrastructure are highlighted. The conclusion is formulated that Russia needs to create an integrated research infrastructure to generate and use databases in international political science. Β© 2020, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd
Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅: ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅
The manual contains basic concepts of game theory, describes the experience of its application to the analysis of different situations of market competition. The basic classic games used in the study of markets, as well as the possibilities and limitations of application of game-theoretic approach to modeling the behavior of economic agents are provided. Particular attention is paid to the application of game theory in industrial market analysis, including for example, oligopoly models. Simulation of market dynamics is shown through repeated games, models of queuing systems and computer models.
The manual is intended for students, undergraduates, graduate students, teachers and researchers, as well as for all those involved in the use of formal models and quantitative methods in marketing analytics.Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ³Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ³ΡΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ³Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ³Ρ, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π°ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
, ΠΊΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊ
ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ: ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠΈ
The concept of multipolarity has come a long way from its categorical rejection by Western politicians and scholars to the strong necessity of taking into account the realities of a multipolar world even by US closest allies. The article is devoted to the analysis of the official discourse, normative and positive concepts of the study of polarity, including system models of international relations, an empirical assessment of the current distribution of power in the world, as well as forecasting the further development of world dynamics. An analysis of the political discourse on polarity over the past 25 years is made and the most significant political figures are highlighted - defenders of multipolarity (BRICS and EU countries) as well as adherents of the unipolar world (NATO countries). The basic theories (mainly of a normative nature) that conceptualize both unipolar discourse (hegemonic stability theory) and multipolar one (theory of multipolar world) are shown. The intellectual segregation between two main approaches to the study of international systems is provided - abstract verbal models of systems vs empirical (quantitative) system research. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the real distribution of power in the international arena. The main approaches and related methodological challenges are considered. Analysis of the relative shares of USA, Russia (USSR) and China in world power based on Composite Index of National Capability (CINC) is provided. The assessment of material potential is complemented by a multifactor (more than 30 parameters) comprehensive study of both βhardβ and βsoftβ power of three countries. The main theoretical approaches to the concept of multipolarity are clarified. The empirical analysis revealed the formation of a βnew bipolarityβ (USA and China) while maintaining the leading role of the Russian Federation in the field of high politics and global security. It is predicted that China is gradually βtrying onβ the role of a new hegemon and is already less interested in a radical revision of the current world order. The strategic adaptation of the closest US allies to the realities of a multipolar world is shown.ΠΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π» Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΠΉΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π. Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°, Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π½ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ» Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 25 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡ - ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΈ ΠΠ‘) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° (ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΠΠ’Π), ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡ (ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ), ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ (ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°). ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ - Π°Π±ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ» Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Ρ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π‘Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° (CINC) ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π‘Π¨Π, Π Π€ (Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ) ΠΈ ΠΠΠ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ (Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 30 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²) ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ», ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Β«ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ» ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½. ΠΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ» ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ» (Π‘Π¨Π ΠΈ ΠΠΠ ) ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π Π€ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠΠ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Β«ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΒ» Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π‘Π¨Π ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°
NON-WESTERN THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE GLOBAL CAPITALISM ERA
This article is devoted to the evolution of non-Western theories of development in the epoch of global capitalism, i.e. after 1990. It describes in detail what is meant by this concept - models of socio-economic development, alternative to the Western neoliberal paradigm and associated with the modernization of non-Western countries, primarily in the "Global South". Periodization of these approaches is given in connection with the process of decolonization (early 1960s), the end of the bipolar world, and the strengthening of China (since 2010s). Two main directions of such theories - neo-Marxian tradition, as well as post-colonial and anti-colonial studies - are shown. The author concludes that the "non-Westernness" of post-colonial studies is conditional, while anti-colonial and neo-Marxian studies are very much intertwined. The article shows the role of such organizations as CODESRIA and Third World Network in shaping the intellectual development agenda of the Global South. It traces the evolution of neo-Marxist approaches to development of the poorest countries, which originated in Latin American structuralism, American neo-Marxism, the works of J. Galtung and W. Rodney. By the early 1980s, the world-systemic approach was already dominant, its representatives were relatively capable to explain the collapse of the socialist system, and also made attempts to describe the growing influence of China. Nevertheless, the theory of the transnational capitalist class that emerged in the 1990s and 2000s was more successful from this point of view. The article investigates the phenomenon of an emerging confrontation between China and the United States in the ideological field - for the influence on leftist intellectuals around the world, and shows the main resources of both sides in this conflict. Special attention is paid to Postdevelopmentalism that developed in the 1990-2000s in line with postmodernist approaches; both strengths and weaknesses of this concept are presented. In conclusion, the author summarizes that neo-Marxist approaches play a key role as the major alternative to neoliberal capitalist development in the countries of the "Global South" while national modernization theories are lacking in the non-Western countries
ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ Ρ Π. ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΌΡΠ»Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΊ ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠ³Π°ΠΉΠΎ (Π‘Π¨Π)
Bear F. Braumoeller (Ph. D., University of Michigan), Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Political Science of Ohio State University, is a leading American experts both in international relations, especially international security, and statistical methodology. His book-length systemic theory of international relations is a winner of the 2014 International Studies Association Best Book Award and the 2014 J. David Singer Book Award. In his interview he is talking about contemporary methods of applied research of international relations and its efficiency. As recent LaCour-Green scandal demonstrates, political science in general and international studies in particulary are becoming more about science. Dr. B. Braumoeller touches on the issue of efficient IR research methodology and speaks about the role of quantative methods in IR and especially about statistics. He speeks about the evolution of quantitative methodology in American IR science. Some decennies ago, a few pioneers in the field (David Singer, Bruce Russett, Karl Deutsch, Dina Zinnes) published their papers in fairly obscure journals and now the IR journals are dominated by quantitative studies. But for better quantitative studies, a better formal theory of IR is needed. He discusses also epistemological aspects of quantitative studies. Though the mainstream formal modeling in IR is traditionally associated with neorealist and neoliberal approaches, agent-based modeling (ABM) could be brought to bear very effectively on constructivist questions.Π. ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅Ρ (Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π² ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅), Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΊ ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠ³Π°ΠΉΠΎ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ 2014 Π³. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅ΡΠ° 2014 Π³. Π ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Π» Ρ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π. ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠ°-Π. ΠΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π. ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, Π² ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π² Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ (ΠΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΡΡΡΠ° Π Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΠ°ΡΠ»Π° ΠΠΎΠΉΡΠ°, ΠΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΠΈΠ½Π½Π΅Ρ) ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Π°Ρ
, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Π°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ½ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π³Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΡΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ-ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π’ΠΠ