Recurrence of multiple meiotic abnormalities in maize genotypes from the same origin and their influence on productivity.

The frequency of meiotic abnormalities among single-, double- and three-way cross experimental hybrids and their parental inbred lines is studied. Among the sixteen inbred lines examined, fifteen originated from populations developed at the National Center of Research in Maize and Sorghum (CNPMS/Embrapa) and one from a population developed at ESALQ (Faculty of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz of the University of São Paulo). Previous analyses of homozygous and heterozygous maize genotypes from CNPMS populations demonstrated high meiotic instability. The present investigation aims at analyzing the meiotic behavior of different inbred lines obtained from CNPMS populations by another breeding enterprise to verify the presence of the same abnormalities and determine whether the abnormalities might compromise productivity. Analyses showed the presence of some abnormalities described previously, albeit at a lower frequency. The most common abnormalities in homozygous and heterozygous genotypes from CNPMS populations were related to irregular chromosome segregation and to chromosome stickiness. An inbred line from the ESALQ population showed only abnormalities related to irregular chromosome segregation caused by the presence of univalent chromosomes. The Pearson correlation procedure indicated high negative correlation between meiotic abnormalities and productivity

Recurrence of multiple meiotic abnormalities in maize genotypes from the same origin and their influence on productivity.

The frequency of meiotic abnormalities among single-, double- and three-way cross experimental hybrids and their parental inbred lines is studied. Among the sixteen inbred lines examined, fifteen originated from populations developed at the National Center of Research in Maize and Sorghum (CNPMS/Embrapa) and one from a population developed at ESALQ (Faculty of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz of the University of São Paulo). Previous analyses of homozygous and heterozygous maize genotypes from CNPMS populations demonstrated high meiotic instability. The present investigation aims at analyzing the meiotic behavior of different inbred lines obtained from CNPMS populations by another breeding enterprise to verify the presence of the same abnormalities and determine whether the abnormalities might compromise productivity. Analyses showed the presence of some abnormalities described previously, albeit at a lower frequency. The most common abnormalities in homozygous and heterozygous genotypes from CNPMS populations were related to irregular chromosome segregation and to chromosome stickiness. An inbred line from the ESALQ population showed only abnormalities related to irregular chromosome segregation caused by the presence of univalent chromosomes. The Pearson correlation procedure indicated high negative correlation between meiotic abnormalities and productivity

Morphometric and quantitative evaluation of the NADH-diaphorase positive myenteric neurons of the jejunum of streptozotocin-diabetic rats supplemented with acetyl-L-carnitine

In this study we investigated the effect of the acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) supplementation on the myenteric neurons of the jejunum of rats made diabetic at the age of 105 days by streptozotocin (35 mg/kg body weight). Four groups were used: non-diabetic (C), non-diabetic supplemented with ALC (CC), diabetic (D), diabetic supplemented with ALC (DC). After 15 weeks of diabetes induction the blood was collected by cardiac puncture to evaluate glycaemia and glycated haemoglobin. Next the animals were killed and the jejunum was collected and subjected to whole-mount preparation to evidence the myenteric neurons through the histochemical technique of the NADH-diaphorase. The neuronal counts were made in 80 microscopic fields, in tissue samples of five animals of each group. The profiles of the cell bodies of 1000 neurons per group were analysed. Diabetes induced a significant increase in the area of the cell body and decrease in the number of NADH-diaphorase positive myoenteric neurons. ALC suplementation to the diabetic group promoted smaller hypertrophic effects and less neuronal loss than in the myoenteric neurons of the diabetic rats, and in addition diminished the body weight decrease and reduced the fasting glycaemia. © 2005 Blackwell Verlag

Morphoquantitative aspects of NADH-diaphorase myenteric neurons in the ileum of diabetic rats treated with acetyl-L-carnitine

In this work, we investigated the effect of the acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) supplementation (200 mg/kg/day) on the myenteric neurons of the ileum of rats made diabetic by streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, i.v.). Four groups were used: diabetic (D), diabetic supplemented with ALC (DC), control (C) and control supplemented with ALC (CC). After 15 weeks of diabetes induction the animals were killed and the ileum was collected and subjected to whole-mount preparation to evidence the myenteric neurons through the histochemical technique of the NADH-diaphorase. The density of neurons seen in 12.72 min(2) of ileum showed no difference among the groups, although in group D it was 22% smaller than in group C, while group DC was 9% smaller to group CC. The profiles of the cell bodies (PC) of 1000 neurons per group were analysed. The neurons PC in group D decreased (P < 0.0001) when compared with other groups and increased (P < 0.0001) when compared with group DC. The incidence of neurons with a PC inferior to 200 mu m(2) was larger in group D. The frequency of neurons with a PC higher than 200 mu m(2) in group DC was close to those seen in groups C and CC. We concluded that ALC eases the loss of neurons and makes the incidence of myenteric neurons with a PC higher than 200 mu m(2) similar to the control rats

Morphoquantitative aspects of nitrergic myoenteric neurons from the stomach of diabetic rats supplemented with acetyl-L-carnitine

The NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) positive myoenteric neurons from the body of the stomach of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes with or without supplementation with acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) were evaluated. At the age of 105 days the animals were divided into four groups: normoglycaemic (C), normoglycaemic supplemented with ALC (CC), diabetic (D) and diabetic supplemented with ALC (DC). The supplementation with ALC (200 mg/kg body weight/day) to groups CC and DC was made during 105 days. After this period the animals were killed and the stomach removed and subjected to the histochemical technique of NADPH-d for the staining of the neurons of the myoenteric plexus. The area of 500 neurons of each group was investigated, as well as the neuronal density in an area of 23.84 mm(2) in each stomach. ALC promoted reduction (P < 0.05) of fasting glycaemia, water ingestion and areas of the profiles of the cell bodies of the NADPH-d neurons in the diabetic animals. The density of these neurons was not statistically different in the groups studied. It is suggested, therefore, a moderate neuroprotective effect of ALC, because the diminishment of the areas of the neuronal profiles in the supplemented diabetic animals, although being statistically significant relative to the non-supplemented diabetics, was not sufficient to equal the values from the non-diabetic controls

PERAN PENGAWASAN DAN PENEGAKAN HUKUM KEIMIGRASIAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA

Secara umum, perpindahan WNA yang datang ke Indonesia dengan tujuan untuk menetap bisa dimaksudkan dengan Imigrasi. Hal itu dikarenakan imigrasi memiliki arti pindahnya penduduk negara lain ke negara tertentu dengan tujuan untuk menetap. Proses imigrasi adalah tanggung jawab lembaga keimigrasian bila terjadi pada penduduk dalam setiap negara atau wilayah. fungsi dan peranan keimigrasian bersifat universal, yaitu melaksanakan pengaturan lalu lintas orang masuk atau ke luar wilayah suatu negara. faktor-faktor penarik (pull factor) yang mendorong terjadinya imigrasi. 1. Adanya kesempatan untuk memasuki lapangan pekerjaan yang cocok. 2. Adanya kesempatan mendapatkan pendapatan yang lebih baik 3. Adanya kesempatan mendapatkan pendidikan yang lebih tinggi 4. Karena keadaan lingkungan dan keadaan hidup yang menyenangkan, misalnya iklim, perumahan, sekolah, dan fasilitas-fasilitas kemasyarakatan lainnya 5. Adanya tarikan dari orang yang diharapkan sebagai tempat berlindung 6. Adanya aktivitas-aktivitas di kota besar, tempat-tempat hiburan, pusat kebudayaan sebagai daya tarik bagi orang -orang dari desa atau kota kecil. Orang yang melakukan imigrasi ke negara lain disebut dengan imigran. Dalam hal ini, turis, rombongan olahraga dan seni, diplomat, dan pekerja asing, tidak termasuk dalam kategori imigran karena hanya sementara di negara yang dituju