Microbiological Aspects and Immunity Response of Bacteria Causing Pulpitis

The oral cavity is a very widely distributed ecosystem in which several hundred microbial species normally cohabit harmoniously. Under special conditions some microorganisms with potential are promoted, leading to inflammation & infection by induced de-mineralization of dental enamel that normally constitutes an impermeable barrier that protects the underlying dentin and the connective tissue situated in the center of the tooth & dental pulp such as pulpitis, dental caries, and periodontal infection. In inflammation of the dental pulpitis the immunity response against oral infection leads to infection and results in a high level of morbidity and economic burden to society

An Analysis of Section 15 of the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015

The Juvenile Justice Act, 2000 was strongly criticized by scholars from all spectrums of the society for its perceived failure to hold the child offender accountable. Therefore, emphasis was laid on increasing the quantum of punishment, in order to act as an effective deterrent. In the backdrop of the Nirbhaya case, the Parliament of India rushed to enact the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 as a fire-fighting measure, to mollify the public clamour. As per the new Act, children aged between sixteen to eighteen can be transferred to an adult criminal court, in the event they are alleged to have committed a heinous offence. The paper aims to analyze the framework of Section 15 of the Act, in the context of a juvenile's physiology. An attempt has also been made to study how other nations around the world are addressing the problem of juvenile delinquency. The paper concludes by highlighting the ambiguity in the legislation and suggests solutions for doing away with the same

Radiative Impact of Cryosphere on the Climate of Earth and Mars.

Snow- and ice-covered surfaces are the most reflective regions on Earth and Mars, and their extent can change substantially with small changes in climate. The presence of Earth’s cryosphere greatly alters the planet’s albedo and changes in cryospheric extent and reflectivity therefore partially determine the sensitivity of climate to anthropogenic and external forcings. Carbon dioxide ice is abundant on the Martian surface, and plays an important role in the planet’s energy budget. Firstly, we quantify the shortwave Cryosphere Radiative Effect (CrRE) on Earth. Relatively high resolution (0.05°×0.05°) MODIS data along with radiative kernel datasets are used to estimate the global land shortwave CrRE. We perform multiple analyses to determine the sensitivity of our estimates to the use of different thresholds for snow cover determinations, different climatologies for missing data, and radiative kernels generated with different distributions of clouds produced with various versions of the Community Atmosphere Model. We estimate a global land-based CrRE of about -2.6 W/m2 during 2001-2013, with about 59% of the effect originating from Antarctica. Secondly, we adapt the terrestrial Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiation (SNICAR) model to simulate CO2 snow albedo across the solar spectrum (0.2-5.0 μm). We apply recent laboratory derived refractive indices of CO2 ice, which produce higher broadband CO2 snow albedo (0.93–0.98) than previously estimated. We perform multiple analyses to determine the sensitivity of cryosphere spectral albedo to the amount and type of dust, co-presence of CO2 and H2O ices, ice grain size, snow layer thickness, and solar zenith angle. In addition, we also compare our simulations with observed Mars surface albedo, and achieved a reasonable fit between the two. Finally, SNICAR is implemented with the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Mars GCM to prognostically determine ice cap (both H2O and CO2) albedos interactively in the model. We then explore the impact of dust on surface cryosphere albedo and its impact on Mars’ shortwave energy flux. After integrating SNICAR into the Mars GCM, we find that the impact caused by dust is about 1.5 times the impact caused by the presence of snow itself on shortwave flux at the surface.PhDAtmospheric, Oceanic and Space SciencesUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/133296/1/sdeepak_1.pd

A Comparative Study of Gandhi and Nehru and in their Autobiographies

Autobiography is usually defined as a retrospective narrative written about one’s life, in the first person and in prose. Such writing has appeared with increasing frequency in Western Literature since the beginning of nineteenth century but after World War II, it gained considerable significance. Now autobiographies all over the world and especially in India are extensively read and enjoyed, but paradoxically enough, they have received very scant critical attention, let alone comparative treatment. The comparative approach to literature enables us to widen our critical horizon and develop the concept of prevalent literary tendencies in the world as well as the different regions of a nation. The comparative study of authors belonging to the different nations should be preceded by that of authors belonging to the same country, preferably coming from two different parts of the country belonging to two different fields and professions. It is needless to say, that the comparative study aims at establishing the universality and oneness of human experience through the depiction of diverse peculiarities of i