Constraints on the solid solubility of Hg, Tl, and Cd in arsenian pyrite

Arsenic-rich (arsenian) pyrite can contain up to tens of thousands of parts per million (ppm) of toxic heavy metals such as Hg, Tl, and Cd, although few data are available on their solid solubility behavior. When a compilation of Hg, Tl, and Cd analyses from different environments are plotted along with As in a M(Hg, Tl, and Cd)-As log-log space, the resulting wedge-shaped distribution of data points suggests that the solid solubility of the aforementioned metals is strongly dependent on the As concentration of pyrite. The solid solubility limits of Hg in arsenian pyrite—i.e., the upper limit of the wedge-shaped zone in compositional space—are similar to the one previously defined for Au by Reich et al. (2005) (CHg,Au = 0.02CAs + 4 × 10−5), whereas the solubility limit of Tl in arsenian pyrite is approximated by a ratio of Tl/As = 1. In contrast, and despite a wedge-shaped distribution of Cd-As data points for pyrite in Cd-As log-log space, the majority of Cd analyses reflect the presence of mineral particles of Cd-rich sphalerite and/or CdS. Based on these data, we show that arsenian pyrite with M/As ratios above the solubility limit of Hg and Tl contain nanoparticles of HgS, and multimetallic Tl-Hg mineral nanoparticles. These results indicate that the uptake of Hg and Tl in pyrite is strongly dependent on As contents, as it has been previously documented for metals such as Au and Cu. Cadmium, on the other hand, follows a different behavior and its incorporation into the pyrite structure is most likely limited by the precipitation of Cd-rich nanoparticulate sphalerite. The distribution of metal concentrations below the solubility limit suggests that hydrothermal fluids from which pyrite precipitate are dominantly undersaturated with respect to species of Hg and Tl, favoring the incorporation of these metals into the pyrite structure as solid solution. In contrast, the formation of metallic aggregates of Hg and Tl or mineral nanoparticles in the pyrite matrix occurs when Hg and Tl locally oversaturate with respect to their solid phases at constant temperature. This process can be kinetically enhanced by high-to-medium temperature metamorphism and thermal processing or combustion, which demonstrates a retrograde solubility for these metals in pyrite

The politeness in social selling based on Ewa Chodakowska’s profi le on Instagram

The author discusses the phenomenon of politeness as a communication strategy used in social selling by entities interested in using social media sites to reach the widest group of potential customers. The research material consists of posts published by Ewa Chodakowska on Instagram at the turn of 2019 and 2020. The analysis combines the classical rhetoric tools with linguistic research on marketing strategies in social media

Alteration of U(VI)-Phases under oxidizing conditions

Uranium-(VI) phases are the primary alteration products of the UO 2 in spent nuclear fuel and the UO 2+x in natural uranium deposits. The U(VI)-phases generally form sheet structures of edge-sharing UO 2 2+ polyhedra. The complexity of these structures offers numerous possibilities for coupled-substitutions of trace metals and radionuclides. The incorporation of radionuclides into U(VI)-structures provides a potential barrier to their release and transport in a geologic repository that experiences oxidizing conditions. In this study, we have used natural samples of UO 2+x , to study the U(VI)-phases that form during alteration and to determine the fate of the associated trace elements

El insulto desde la perspectiva del fenómeno de la anticortesía

Insults have always been considered as an act of threatening own of the impoliteness.Nevertheless, the objective of our research will be to indicate, within the field of pragmatics,that in determined occasions –concretely in colloquial conversations betweenyoung people and first of all speech events like rap battles among members of therap subculture- insults are used right with the opposite objective: with the intentionto reinforce the feeling of group solidarity and the proximity between the interlocutors,they are one of resources that show the property to a group or generation. Forthis reason it is here considered as anti politeness, extending the concept suggestedby Klaus Zimmermann (2003). In the analytical part of our article we will apply theconcepts developed in the framework of Relevance Theory of Dan Sperber and DeirdreWilson, according to which human communication is ostensive and inferential. Theinferential communication model allows rational and relevant interpretations that gobeyond pure literalness

El insulto como ritual en la "Batalla de Rap" : estudio pragmalinguistico

The aim of the publication is to analyse the phenomenon of the ritual insult within the field of pragmatics. The core of the research is focused on understanding what kind of values and linguistic characteristics of the ritual are present among the members of rap subculture. We specify the characteristics of the ritual insult used by rappers during an event called in Spain “The Rooster Fight” (Rap Battle). The verbal game in question is a highly stylized activity that crucially relies on creativity, verbal wit and cunning, and often rough rhetoric. No matter where the game is played, its rules demand that it be fought in a nonviolent way (Smitherman, 1995b: 20) and some conventional lines or standard themes trigger the exchange. Equally universal is the theatricality of the event. It is “speech on display” by definition, a ritualized way of projecting one’s personality to others while working up and fighting with the rival (Schwegler, 2007: 135). The analysis of ritual insult is carried out in the area of the Relevance Theory (Sperber and Wils on, 1986/95; Carston, 2002; Wils on and Sperber, 2002, 2004) that departs substantially from Grice’s account of the expectations that guide the comprehension process. For relevance theorists, the very act of communicating raises precise and predictable expectations of relevance, which are enough on their own to guide the hearer towards the speaker’s meaning. Sperber and Wils on (1995: 182) introduced the notion of explicature, which was to complement the Gricean notion of implicature, in an attempt to show that pragmatic inferences contribute not only to what is implied, but also to what is explicitly communicated. The notion of explicature and implicature has been used to carry out the analysis of ritual insult. In this publication a historical outline of studies on insult with particular reference to the works on pragmatic aspect of insulting is presented. Among many definitions of insult, the most convincing seems to be the one provided by Marisela Colín Rodea (2003, 2005, 2010) who postulates that insulting includes every act, verbal or non-verbal (word, expression, behavior, face expression), that uses aggression and tends to hurt the addressee. This elaboration is based on the previous research by Marisela Colín Rodea that include the following factors: socialization, violence, aggression, emotions and politeness. What is more, the contemporary model of the insult that take into account the explicitness and the implicitness of its expression is discussed. The study includes the explanation of the historical issues of ritual insult (Labov, 1972; Brown, 1972; Kochman, 1972; Morgan, 1991; Majors, 1994; Van Dijk et al. 2000a; Schwegler, 2007; Cutler, 2007; Progovac and Locke, 2009) and origins of the hip hop subculture. It is claimed that hip hoppers are a typical example of “urban tribes”, that are microgroups of people who share common interests in urban areas. The members of these relatively small groups tend to have similar worldviews, dress styles and behavioral patterns. Their social interactions are largely informal and different from late capitalism’s corporate-bourgeoisie cultures (Toner, 1998; Keyes, 2002; Pawlak, 2004; Gonçalves de Paula, 2006; Camargo, 2007; Reyes Sánchez, 2007; Cutler, 2007). The main focus of this part of the study is the introduction of the research of ritual insults by W. Labov (1972) that provides a rich structural and functional analysis of the sounding. Then the parallels between the Rap Battle and the Tragedy are discussed. At the end of this part general features of the language of youth, and general characteristics of rap discourse are suggested. The author points out that the ‘antycourtesy’ (Zimmermann, 2003, 2005) is a constituent of the identity of young people. The last part of the study has the analytic character. Firstly, the reason of using the Relevance Theory in order to analyze the ritual insult is explained. Secondly, the definition of the ritual insult in the context of the Rap Battle in Spain is developed by the author. Then, using the framework of interactional sociolinguistics, videos from the MC battles that took place in Barcelona, Madrid and Bilbao between 2007—2009 are analysed. Moreover, a typology of the ritual insults is proposed: expressed in an implicit way (You have the Hobbit face) and in an explicit way (Asshole!, You idiot!). Seven main groups of the rituals are distinguished and they are related to the mother of a rival and other members of his family, his appearance, the skills of a rival, his discourse, the masculinity of a rival. Additionally, the author analysed ritual insults paying a special attention to the usage of rhetorical figures (between the most frequent: metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, personification). Finally, the rhetoric aspect of the discourse is introduced, given that the rap discourse has the persuasive character and is pronounced by the rappers who attempt to inform, persuade and motivate the audience in the specific situation of the battle

La metafora como mecanismo de persuasion en el discurso coloquial de los Raperos

This paper is a part of a more general study in which we present the linguistic mechanisms of persuasion in rap discourse. Within hip hop, MC Battles are one of the most visible and potentially humiliating venues for demonstrating one’s verbal skill. Each rapper’s goal is to insult their opponent with spontaneous rhymes within sixty seconds. Winners are judged by the response of the audience. We are going to observe the functioning of the metaphor in rap discourse as a strategy of the communication and the persuasion. Apart from that we will also try to reflect on the definition of the metaphor from the point of view of pragmatics and cognitive linguistic

#Protecttheoceans. Linguistic mechanisms of argumentation used in instagram

Nowadays, many known celebrities use social media as a channel to promote positive narratives and support humanitarian work. This article offers an analysis of the argumentative strategies employed in Instagram by a Spanish actor Javier Bardem, an Antarctic ambassador for Greenpeace, in order to attract the attention of the public to the ecological problems of the Antarctic Ocean. I have studied 76 posts published in Instagram during the 2018-2019 period. Starting from the theoretical framework of argumentation, as well as of pragmatic linguistics, I analyze those linguistic mechanisms and discursive strategies that are used with the aim to achieve the persuasive purposes

La cancion como discurso ideologico

This paper analyses a rap song Barras y Estrellas by Nach using Critical Discourse Analysis (Van Dijk, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2008) as a theoretical framework with the aim of examining how the ideology is conveyed through the use of language in a song. Author’s choices of words which are empowered by worldviews and ideologies which further make decoding the meaning of a song even more complex. Special attention is given to the lexical choice, theme, semantic strategies, and how these features are skillfully deployed in the song. It is discovered that through an ideologically-driven use of language, the songs echo ethos of combat and prove as an effective tool for social creation of group identity