An Analysis on the Detection of Biological Contaminants Aboard Aircraft

The spread of infectious disease via commercial airliner travel is a significant and realistic threat. To shed some light on the feasibility of detecting airborne pathogens, a sensor integration study has been conducted and computational investigations of contaminant transport in an aircraft cabin have been performed. Our study took into consideration sensor sensitivity as well as the time-to-answer, size, weight and the power of best available commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) devices. We conducted computational fluid dynamics simulations to investigate three types of scenarios: (1) nominal breathing (up to 20 breaths per minute) and coughing (20 times per hour); (2) nominal breathing and sneezing (4 times per hour); and (3) nominal breathing only. Each scenario was implemented with one or seven infectious passengers expelling air and sneezes or coughs at the stated frequencies. Scenario 2 was implemented with two additional cases in which one infectious passenger expelled 20 and 50 sneezes per hour, respectively. All computations were based on 90 minutes of sampling using specifications from a COTS aerosol collector and biosensor. Only biosensors that could provide an answer in under 20 minutes without any manual preparation steps were included. The principal finding was that the steady-state bacteria concentrations in aircraft would be high enough to be detected in the case where seven infectious passengers are exhaling under scenarios 1 and 2 and where one infectious passenger is actively exhaling in scenario 2. Breathing alone failed to generate sufficient bacterial particles for detection, and none of the scenarios generated sufficient viral particles for detection to be feasible. These results suggest that more sensitive sensors than the COTS devices currently available and/or sampling of individual passengers would be needed for the detection of bacteria and viruses in aircraft

PCR based bronchoscopic detection of common respiratory pathogens in chronic cough: a case control study

BACKGROUND: Viral respiratory tract infection is the most frequent cause of acute cough and is reported at onset in about one third of patients with chronic cough. Persistent infection is therefore one possible explanation for the cough reflex hypersensitivity and pulmonary inflammation reported in chronic cough patients. METHODS: Bronchoscopic endobronchial biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts were obtained from ten healthy volunteers and twenty treatment resistant chronic cough patients (10 selected for lavage lymphocytosis). A screen for known respiratory pathogens was performed on biopsy tissue. Chronic cough patients also underwent cough reflex sensitivity testing using citric acid. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in incidence of infection between healthy volunteers and chronic cough patients (p = 0.115) or non-lymphocytic and lymphocytic groups (p = 0.404). BAL cell percentages were not significantly different between healthy volunteers and chronic cough patients without lymphocytosis. Lymphocytic patients however had a significantly raised percentage of lymphocytes (p < 0.01), neutrophils (p < 0.05), eosinophils (p < 0.05) and decreased macrophages (p < 0.001) verses healthy volunteers. There was no significant difference in the cough reflex sensitivity between non-lymphocytic and lymphocytic patients (p = 0.536). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates latent infection in the lung is unlikely to play an important role in chronic cough, but a role for undetected or undetectable pathogens in either the lung or a distal site could not be ruled out. TRIALS REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN62337037 & ISRCTN4014720

Adaptação transcultural para o Brasil do instrumento Caregiver Abuse Screen (CASE) para detecção de violência de cuidadores contra idosos Cross-cultural adaptation to Brazil of the instrument Caregiver Abuse Screen (CASE) for detection of abuse of the elderly by caregivers

Este artigo descreve a primeira parte da adaptação transcultural da versão em português, para o Brasil, do Caregiver Abuse Screen (CASE), um instrumento simplificado para suspeição de violência contra o idoso. O CASE foi originalmente desenvolvido no Canadá e utilizado para rastrear violências em idosos entrevistando seus cuidadores. O processo de avaliação de equivalências conceitual e de itens, que envolveu uma ampla e sistemática revisão bibliográfica, consistiu de uma discussão em grupo de expertos. A equivalência semântica envolveu duas traduções e respectivas retraduções em paralelo; uma avaliação de equivalência de significados referencial e geral entre o CASE original e as versões em português; discussões posteriores com o grupo de expertos para definir a versão final; e um pré-teste com quarenta cuidadores de pacientes idosos em um serviço de atendimento ambulatorial de geriatria. Foi possível estabelecer uma versão em português para o Brasil com boa qualidade de equivalência conceitual, de itens e semântica. Embora os resultados aqui descritos sejam encorajadores, eles devem ser reavaliados à luz de evidências psicométricas (equivalência de mensuração) que oportunamente serão apresentadas por este grupo de estudo.<br>This first of two papers focuses on the first part in the cross-cultural adaptation of the Portuguese-language version of Caregiver Abuse Screen (CASE), a brief instrument for detecting domestic violence against the elderly. CASE was originally developed in Canada and used to screen violence against the elderly by interviewing their caregivers. Besides a broad literature review, the evaluation of conceptual and item equivalences involved expert discussion groups. Semantic equivalence included the following steps: two translations and respective back-translations; an evaluation of referential and general (connotative) equivalence between the original instrument and each version; further discussions with experts in order to define the final version; and pre-testing the latter in 40 caregivers of elderly subjects in an outpatient geriatric clinic. It was possible to establish high-quality conceptual, item, and semantic equivalence for the Portuguese-language version. Although the results shown here were encouraging, they should be reevaluated in light of a forthcoming psychometric analysis (measurement equivalence) to be performed by the research group