317 research outputs found
Different tiers of government in port governance: some general remarks on the institutional geography of ports in Europe and Canada
For the last thirty years, port governance has been marked by a new level of complexity which has resulted in the reshaping of the system of actors involved in the organization of ports. Devolution, which is taking place on most of the world's port ranges has thus altered the public-private division, i.e. the respective roles played by the different tiers of overnment and private operators in operation and regulation functions. There is an abundant literature on this topic, particularly in economics and management and the work of international organizations. This research has cast much light on the new modes of governance and is now attempting to explain how they are linked to port performance Models of port governance frequently consider the "public sector" to be a homogeneous entity and rather less research has examined its variety, i.e. the different categories of public sector actors that run the institutional levels that control the ports. The aim of this paper is thus to provide some insights into this question of the institutional geography of ports by identifying the various tiers of government, the functions they perform and how they are linked with each other in a number of ports. It draws on the main findings of research carried out for the French General Directorate for the Sea and Transport that aimed to shed light on public decision-making and the institutional models applied in port governance in 7 European countries and Canada. It therefore examines port statuses and legislation, supervision, monitoring, management and public finance in order to understand the diversity of the public sector presence in port models that are founded on different institutional geographies.port, governance,institutional geography
La prospective territoriale, une aventure interdisciplinaire : retour sur le projet « Estuaires à venir » (Centre Michel Serres)
International audienceThe project âEstuaries to comeâ (Centre Michel Serres, HĂ©Sam âpublic institution for scientific cooperation) is based on an original interdisciplinary approach. Students in design, in planning, in economy, in history, in engineering sciences, in hydrology, and in computer science realized a study on the impact of climate changes on estuaries. This prospective study was conducted on behalf of an association involving the main political actors in the Seine estuary. This pedagogical experience allows to illustrate the two main contributions of interdisciplinarity: the improvement of scientific diagnoses and the experiment of new scientific methods. These methods are an innovative way to address some contemporary issues.The interdisciplinary project finally raises the question of the link between the scientific approach and the contribution of actors of the studied territory.Le projet « Estuaires Ă venir » menĂ© dans le cadre du Centre Michel Serres (PRES HĂ©Sam) constitue une aventure originale de rencontres entre des disciplines variĂ©es. En rĂ©ponse Ă une commande dâune association dâĂ©lus, des Ă©tudiants en design, en amĂ©nagement, en Ă©conomie, en histoire, en sciences de lâingĂ©nieur, en hydrologie et en informatique ont rĂ©alisĂ© une prospective territoriale sur les enjeux climatiques posĂ©s aux estuaires. Cette interdisciplinaritĂ© « en pratique » permet dâillustrer les deux apports principaux du croisement disciplinaire, la richesse des diagnostics scientifiques effectuĂ©s dâune part et la construction et lâexpĂ©rimentation de mĂ©thodes dâanalyses nouvelles des enjeux territoriaux dâautre part. Ce projet interdisciplinaire pose enfin la question de la rencontre entre lâaventure scientifique (le territoire comme objet de connaissance) et la demande et la connaissance des acteurs du territoire Ă©tudiĂ© (le territoire comme action)
(Re) spatialiser la question portuaire: Position pour une lecture géographique des arriÚre-pays européens
National audience--A spatial approach to the issue of ports: a proposal for a geographical survey of European hinterlands.-- The concept of port hinterland is given a fresh interpretation against the backdrop of the globalisation of practices of transport and logistics operators. The development of global networks could be expected to alter the relationship between the points on networks and their areas of influence. This article tests the inverse hypothesis, i.e. that conventional distances are a permanent feature in the composition of hinterlands. Complex globalised new practices that have simple spatial consequences (distance, polarisation, hierarchisation) is the paradox examined in this exercise applied to the French hinterlands of Western European ports.Les rĂ©centes approches disciplinaires traitant du transport en sciences sociales sont largement orientĂ©es vers la prise en compte du concurrentiel, de ce qui bouge, du mondial, c'est-Ă -dire des recompositions impulsĂ©es par les jeux d'acteurs animant des rĂ©seaux mondiaux. La gĂ©ographie des transports a contribuĂ© depuis 20 ans Ă cette posture de recherche privilĂ©giant une relation entre acteurs et rĂ©seaux, relation dĂ©terminant de nouvelles Ă©chelles d'action des systĂšmes de transport. D'importantes bornes conceptuelles ont Ă©tĂ© posĂ©es permettant d'apprĂ©hender les stratĂ©gies des grands opĂ©rateurs et leur impact sur les espaces qu'ils desservent. L'ampleur de cet impact a nĂ©anmoins Ă©tĂ© encore peu Ă©tudiĂ©e. Il en rĂ©sulte parfois l'image d'une forme de " dĂ©terminisme rĂ©seau " qui s'affranchirait de logiques spatiales traditionnelles. L'objectif de cette position de recherche , dĂ©veloppĂ©e ici dans le champ prĂ©cis de la gĂ©ographie des arriĂšre-pays portuaires, est de rĂ©habiliter une approche spatiale et mesurĂ©e permettant de (re)cadrer certaines logiques du transport. Il s'agit alors de poser les bases d'une recherche permettant de rappeler que l'arriĂšre-pays portuaire est un espace et qu'Ă cet Ă©gard il obĂ©it toujours Ă des logiques de distances, Ă un ensemble de mĂ©triques constructives d'Ă©loignement qui semblent rĂ©sumer assez bien les pratiques individuelles des acteurs participant Ă la desserte portuaire. Et ces logiques produisent des effets de permanence et rĂ©currence qui relativisent l'idĂ©e d'un " tout concurrentiel ", c'est-Ă -dire d'un improbable jeu a-spatial oĂč les choix portuaires s'affranchiraient totalement des distances. L'hypothĂšse peut ainsi ĂȘtre posĂ©e que des mĂ©triques " anciennes " expliquent une partie importante de comportements rĂ©ellement nouveaux d'acteurs. " Plus ça bouge, moins ça change ? " pourrait ĂȘtre l'interrogation triviale qui rĂ©sume cette position. En termes plus disciplinaires, cette position revient Ă retravailler la question " oĂč " pour recontextualiser (ou pour ĂȘtre plus exact " respatialiser ") le " qui " (acteurs) et le " comment " (pratiques)
Dessaisissement et décentralisation portuaires : analyse comparative Canada-France
Il s'agit d'étudier, dans le domaine du transport des marchandises, les modifications institutionnelles et réglementaires et les évolutions qu'elles provoquent dans la stratégie des acteurs, tant privés que publics, ainsi que les modifications induites sur les territoires . Le travail sur la relation entre changement de statut et évolution portuaire exige la prise en compte des différents fonctionnements portuaires. Il est nécessaire de comprendre comment les ports décentralisés répondent aujourd'hui aux besoins des clients locaux et d'évaluer le rÎle joué par la communauté d'intervenants locaux dans la planification, l'exploitation et le développement des ports. Plus précisément, les objectifs consistent à : évaluer les défis et les opportunités engendrés par ces nouvelles organisations ; comprendre l'organisation des besoins d'investissements lourds nécessaires au maintien et à l'expansion des équipements ; comprendre l'impact de ces changements de statut sur l'évolution des trafics (volume, produit, marché)ADMINISTRATION (GESTION);FLUX DE MARCHANDISE;TRANSPORT MARITIME;PORT;ETUDE D'IMPACT;DECENTRALISATION;CANADA;FRANCE
Computation time estimation of NEC ÎŒPD7281 data flow graphs
The method we introduce here enables to estimate the computation time of
a NEC itPD7281 data flow processor from written data flow computer
programs . This method has the advantage of avoiding transcription into
i.PD7281 machine language instruction and of simulating it afterwards in
order to evaluate the execution time of the object program .Nous présentons une méthode permettant d'estimer le temps de calcul
d'un processeur « data flow » NEC ÎŒPD7281 Ă partir de programmes
écrits sous la forme de graphes de flot. Cette méthode présente
l'avantage d'Ă©viter Ă l'utilisateur de transcrire le graphe en langage
assembleur et de le simuler ensuite afin d'en évaluer le temps d'exécution
Laboratory simulation of the electrodynamic interactions of a tethered satellite with an ionospheric plasma
An improved experimental set-up in the Orleans Plasma Chamber allowed investigations of the I-V characteristics of a conductive spherical body (10 cm diameter) in a plasma environment. Moreover, the influence of a transversal magnetic field at 0.6 and 1.2 G was investigated, for the first time, both on the sheath potential profile and current collection. Floating potential profiles were measured at 16 different radial distances from the test body up to 9 body radii in 8 different angular positions. The test body potential could be increased in the range from -200 V up to +100 V. Preliminary results are shown and discussed
Heparin-Binding-Hemagglutinin-Induced IFN-Îł Release as a Diagnostic Tool for Latent Tuberculosis
BACKGROUND: The detection of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is a major component of tuberculosis (TB) control strategies. In addition to the tuberculosis skin test (TST), novel blood tests, based on in vitro release of IFN-gamma in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 (IGRAs), are used for TB diagnosis. However, neither IGRAs nor the TST can separate acute TB from LTBI, and there is concern that responses in IGRAs may decline with time after infection. We have therefore evaluated the potential of the novel antigen heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) for in vitro detection of LTBI. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: HBHA was compared to purified protein derivative (PPD) and ESAT-6 in IGRAs on lymphocytes drawn from 205 individuals living in Belgium, a country with low TB prevalence, where BCG vaccination is not routinely used. Among these subjects, 89 had active TB, 65 had LTBI, based on well-standardized TST reactions and 51 were negative controls. HBHA was significantly more sensitive than ESAT-6 and more specific than PPD for the detection of LTBI. PPD-based tests yielded 90.00% sensitivity and 70.00% specificity for the detection of LTBI, whereas the sensitivity and specificity for the ESAT-6-based tests were 40.74% and 90.91%, and those for the HBHA-based tests were 92.06% and 93.88%, respectively. The QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-IT) test applied on 20 LTBI subjects yielded 50% sensitivity. The HBHA IGRA was not influenced by prior BCG vaccination, and, in contrast to the QFT-IT test, remote (>2 years) infections were detected as well as recent (<2 years) infections by the HBHA-specific test. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ESAT-6- and CFP-10-based IGRAs may underestimate the incidence of LTBI, whereas the use of HBHA may combine the operational advantages of IGRAs with high sensitivity and specificity for latent infection.Journal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
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