1 research outputs found
DNA Damaging Potential of Photoactivated P25 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs) are found
in numerous commercial and personal care products. Thus, it is necessary
to understand and characterize their potential environmental health
and safety risks. It is well-known that photoactivated TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs in aerated aqueous solutions can generate highly reactive hydroxyl
radicals (<sup>•</sup>OH), which can damage DNA. Surprisingly,
recent <i>in vitro</i> studies utilizing the comet assay
have shown that nonphotoactivated TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs kept in the
dark can also induce DNA damage. In this work, we utilize stable isotope-dilution
gas chromaÂtography/tandem mass spectrometry to quantitatively
characterize the levels and types of oxidatively generated base lesions
in genomic DNA exposed to NIST Standard Reference Material TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs (Degussa P25) under precisely controlled illumination
conditions. We show that DNA samples incubated in the dark for 24
h with TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs (0.5–50 μg/mL) do not lead
to the formation of base lesions. However, when the same DNA is exposed
to either visible light from 400 to 800 nm (energy dose of ∼14.5
kJ/m<sup>2</sup>) for 24 h or UVA light at 370 nm for 30 min (energy
dose of ∼10 kJ/m<sup>2</sup>), there is a significant formation
of lesions at the 50 μg/mL dose for the visible light exposure
and a significant formation of lesions at the 5 and 50 μg/mL
doses for the UVA light exposure. These findings suggest that commercial
P25 TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs do not have an inherent capacity to oxidatively
damage DNA bases in the absence of sufficient photoactivation; however,
TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs exposed to electromagnetic radiation within the
visible portion of the light spectrum can induce the formation of
DNA lesions. On the basis of these findings, comet assay processing
of cells exposed to TiO<sub>2</sub> should be performed in the dark
to minimize potential artifacts from laboratory light