Yield Gaps and Technical Inefficiency Factors for Major Cereal Crops in Ethiopia: Panel Stochastic Frontier Approach

Enhancing the productivity of major cereal crops by narrowing the yield gap between achieved and potential is intrinsically linked with the improvement of the technical inefficiency of crop production. The study aims to explore yield gaps and technical inefficiency factors for major cereals (maize, wheat, tef, sorghum, and barley) using longitudinal data sets from 2007/2008 to 2020/2021 and agricultural field survey data sets from the Central Statistics Authority and other official data sources in Ethiopia. A panel stochastic frontier approach using a true fixed-effect model was applied to estimate the elasticity coefficients of production, determinants of technical inefficiency, and their scores. The result shows productivity of the major cereals steadily increasing over the last fifteen years, with a higher rate of increase from 2013/2014 onwards, particularly for maize. However, the yield increase recorded for all major crops in 2020/2021 was below average compared to achievable yield levels recorded. The elasticity coefficients estimates with respect to cultivated area, area covered with local seed, labor, chemical fertilizer, and pesticide spray had a positive and significant effect on the crop outputs, indicating the importance of these inputs to enhancing production and productivity. However, capital and local seed had significant negative effects on sorghum and maize outputs; while use of chemical fertilizer for maize output only. The level of technical efficiency (TE) of farming improved with an increase in irrigated areas, extension service cover, amount of rainfall, and in some agroecologies. However, TE declined in moisture-sufficient agroecology for wheat and barley. Further, a mean TE score of 82.66% for maize, 85.04% for sorghum, 60.77% for wheat, 52.65% for barley, and 88.62% for teff output indicates the existence of various levels of inefficiencies. The study recommends narrowing productivity gaps for the major cereals through improving the supply and utilization of agricultural inputs, expanding irrigation, improving access to better technology; strengthening the extension system; and strengthening the agriculture-supporting research system

Yield Gaps and Technical Inefficiency Factors for Major Cereal Crops in Ethiopia: Panel Stochastic Frontier Approach

Enhancing the productivity of major cereal crops by narrowing the yield gap between achieved and potential is intrinsically linked with the improvement of the technical inefficiency of crop production. The study aims to explore yield gaps and technical inefficiency factors for major cereals (maize, wheat, tef, sorghum, and barley) using longitudinal data sets from 2007/2008 to 2020/2021 and agricultural field survey data sets from the Central Statistics Authority and other official data sources in Ethiopia. A panel stochastic frontier approach using a true fixed-effect model was applied to estimate the elasticity coefficients of production, determinants of technical inefficiency, and their scores. The result shows productivity of the major cereals steadily increasing over the last fifteen years, with a higher rate of increase from 2013/2014 onwards, particularly for maize. However, the yield increase recorded for all major crops in 2020/2021 was below average compared to achievable yield levels recorded. The elasticity coefficients estimates with respect to cultivated area, area covered with local seed, labor, chemical fertilizer, and pesticide spray had a positive and significant effect on the crop outputs, indicating the importance of these inputs to enhancing production and productivity. However, capital and local seed had significant negative effects on sorghum and maize outputs; while use of chemical fertilizer for maize output only. The level of technical efficiency (TE) of farming improved with an increase in irrigated areas, extension service cover, amount of rainfall, and in some agroecologies. However, TE declined in moisture-sufficient agroecology for wheat and barley. Further, a mean TE score of 82.66% for maize, 85.04% for sorghum, 60.77% for wheat, 52.65% for barley, and 88.62% for teff output indicates the existence of various levels of inefficiencies. The study recommends narrowing productivity gaps for the major cereals through improving the supply and utilization of agricultural inputs, expanding irrigation, improving access to better technology; strengthening the extension system; and strengthening the agriculture-supporting research system

Bluetongue disease in small ruminants in south western Ethiopia: cross-sectional sero-epidemiological study

Abstract Objective The status of bluetongue disease, vectors for transmission of the disease and the serotypes involved are not clearly known in Ethiopia. This sero-epidemiological study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bluetongue in small ruminants of South Western Ethiopia. Result 422 serum samples were screened for the presence of bluetongue virus (BTV) specific antibodies using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and 30.6% (129/422) (confidence interval CI 26.2–35%) of the sheep and goat serum samples were found positive. Multivariate analysis of several risk factors like age, sex, altitude, body condition and species of animals were studied and it was observed that species of animals, age and altitude had significant influence (P  0.05) effect on seropositivity to bluetongue

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors in Gimbo District, Southwest Ethiopia

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a highly contagious disease of cattle which is one of the great plagues which continues to devastate the cattle herds on which so many people are dependent in Africa. Cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to August 2016 to determine the seroprevalence of CBPP in cattle and associated risk factors in Gimbo district, Southwest Ethiopia. A total of 384 serum samples were collected and tested for the presence of specific antibodies against Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony (MmmSC), using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the association between risk factors and seroprevalence of CBPP. An overall seroprevalence of CBPP was 8.1% (31/384) and it was ranging from 0% to 20% across different Peasant associations (PAs). The seroprevalence of CBPP among adult animals was 8.5% (25) and in young 6.6% (6), in good body condition animals 6.6% (18) and in poor 11.5% (13), in dry season 11.9% (20) and in rainy 5.1% (11), and in highland altitude 2.5% (3), midland 3.8% (5), and lowland 17.4% (23). Among the potential predisposing factors assessed, altitude was found significantly (p = 0.02, OR = 7.3) associated with the seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and other risk factors had no significant (P > 0.05) influence. The present study showed that the overall seroprevalence of CBPP in Gimbo district was high and this indicates a need for intervening and implementing control measures to prevent further spread of the disease in the district through the use of better and coordinated vaccination program

Safety of integrated mass drug administration of azithromycin, albendazole and ivermectin versus standard treatment regimens: a cluster-randomised trial in EthiopiaResearch in context

Summary: Background: Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) programs require separate and distinct drug regimens for treatment. This has required countries to undertake multiple independent mass drug administration (MDA) programmes, each targeting one or more diseases. The possibility of safely combining different drug regimens together in one MDA may offer several advantages to national programs. We conducted a study to assess the safety of combining ivermectin, albendazole and azithromycin in one integrated MDA. Methods: We conducted an open-label, non-inferiority cluster-randomised trial comparing the frequency of adverse events in communities receiving co-administered ivermectin, albendazole and azithromycin to that in communities given albendazole and ivermectin MDA followed by azithromycin MDA after a two-week interval. The study took place in 58 gares (small administrative units) across two kebeles (sub-districts) in Kofele woreda (district) in the Oromia region of Ethiopia. We randomly assigned 29 gares to the combined treatment arm and 29 gares to the control arm. The study team revisited all individuals within 48 h and actively collected data on the occurrence of adverse events using a dedicated questionnaire and a pre-specified list of adverse events. The study team followed the same process in the control arm for the azithromycin distribution and again after the ivermectin plus albendazole distribution. Following this initial active surveillance, passive surveillance was undertaken for one week after the first visit. The primary outcome was the frequency of adverse events occurring following MDA. The study team determined that the safety of the combined MDA would be non-inferior to that of separate MDAs if the upper limit of the two-sided CI for the difference in rates was equal to or lower than 5%. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03570814. Findings: The study took place from December 2021 to January 2022. The combined MDA arm consisted of 7292 individuals who were eligible to participate, of whom 7068 received all three medications. The separate MDA arm consisted of 6219 eligible individuals of whom 6211 received ivermectin and albendazole and 4611 received azithromycin two weeks later. Overall, adverse events were reported by 197 (1.2%) of individuals. The most commonly reported adverse events included headache, gastrointestinal disturbance and dizziness. There were no serious adverse events in either arm. The cluster-level mean frequency of reported adverse events varied markedly between clusters, ranging from 0.1 to 10.4%. The cluster-level mean frequency of adverse events was 1.4% in the combined MDA arm and 1.2% following ivermectin and albendazole MDA (absolute difference 0.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.6% to +1.1%). This met the pre-defined 1.5% non-inferiority margin. For the combined MDA comparison to the stand-alone azithromycin MDA the absolute difference was −0.4% (1.4 versus 1.8%, 95% CI −0.8 to +1.5) which also met the pre-specified non-inferiority margin. Interpretation: This study is the largest of its kind to date and demonstrates that the safety of combined MDA of azithromycin, ivermectin and albendazole is non-inferior to the safety of ivermectin-plus-albendazole MDA then azithromycin MDA conducted separately although we may not have been powered to detect very small differences between arms. Co-administration of these three medicines is safe and feasible in this setting and allows national programs to develop new strategies for integrated MDA programs. Funding: Ivermectin (Mectizan) was donated by the Mectizan Donation Program, albendazole was donated by GlaxoSmithKline, and azithromycin (Zithromax®) was donated by Pfizer via the International Trachoma Initiative (ITI). The trial was funded by ITI using operational research funds from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Perceptions and acceptability of co-administered albendazole, ivermectin and azithromycin mass drug administration, among the health workforce and recipient communities in Ethiopia.

Several neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) employ mass drug administration (MDA) as part of their control or elimination strategies. This has historically required multiple distinct campaigns, each targeting one or more NTDs, representing a strain on both the recipient communities and the local health workforce implementing the distribution. We explored perceptions and attitudes surrounding combined MDA among these two groups of stakeholders. Our qualitative study was nested within a cluster randomized non-inferiority safety trial of combined ivermectin, albendazole and azithromycin MDA. Using semi-structured question guides, we conducted 16 key informant interviews with selected individuals involved in implementing MDA within the participating district. To better understand the perceptions of recipient communities, we also conducted four focus group discussions with key community groups. Individuals were selected from both the trial arm (integrated MDA) and the control arm (standard MDA) to provide a means of comparison and discussion. All interviews and focus group discussions were led by fluent Afaan oromo speakers. Interviewers transcribed and later translated all discussions into English. The study team synthesized and analyzed the results via a coding framework and software. Most respondents appreciated the time and effort saved via the co-administered MDA strategy but there were some misgivings amongst community beneficiaries surrounding pill burden. Both the implementing health work force members and beneficiaries reported refusals stemming from lack of understanding around the need for the new drug regimen as well as some mistrust of government officials among the youth. The house-to-house distribution method, adopted as a COVID-19 prevention strategy, was by far preferred by all beneficiaries over central-point MDA, and may have led to greater acceptability of co-administration. Our data demonstrate that a co-administration strategy for NTDs is acceptable to both communities and health staff