Site occupancies and their effects on the physical properties of spinel Co(Cr1−xFex)2O4Co\left(Cr_{1-x}Fe_{x} \right)_{2}O_{4}: an {\it ab initio} study

Recent experimental studies on Fe substituted spinel CoCr$_{2}$O$_{4}$ have discovered multiple functional properties in the system such as temperature and composition dependent magnetic compensation, tunable exchange bias and magnetostriction. These properties are attributed to the renormalisation of the inter-atomic magnetic exchange interactions arising due to the non-regular site occupancies of the magnetic cations in the system. In this work, we perform {\it ab initio} electronic structure calculations by DFT+U method and combine with a generalised thermodynamic model to compute the site occupancy patterns of the magnetic cations, the structural properties and the magnetic exchange interactions of Co$\left(Cr_{1-x}Fe_{x} \right)_{2}$O$_{4}$ for the entire composition range $0<x<1$. We find that the substituting Fe atoms prefer to occupy the tetrahedral sites of the spinel structure for the entire range of $x$, in agreement with the experimental inferences. Our results on the variations of the structural parameters with compositions agree very well with the experiments. By computing the variations of the various inter-atomic magnetic exchange interactions, we provide a microscopic picture of the evolution of a collinear structure from a non-collinear one due to substitution of Fe in CoCr$_{2}$O$_{4}$. The computed results are analysed in terms of the elements of the crystal field theory, and the features in the atoms and orbital-projected densities of states. The results and analysis presented in this work is the first comprehensive study on this system which would help understanding the complexities associated with the site occupancies, the electronic structures and the magnetic interactions in this multi-functional material.Comment: Submitted in Journal of Physics

A predictive computational model reveals that GIV/girdin serves as a tunable valve for EGFR-stimulated cyclic AMP signals.

Cellular levels of the versatile second messenger cyclic (c)AMP are regulated by the antagonistic actions of the canonical G protein → adenylyl cyclase pathway that is initiated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and attenuated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Dysregulated cAMP signaling drives many diseases; for example, its low levels facilitate numerous sinister properties of cancer cells. Recently, an alternative paradigm for cAMP signaling has emerged in which growth factor-receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs; e.g., EGFR) access and modulate G proteins via a cytosolic guanine-nucleotide exchange modulator (GEM), GIV/girdin; dysregulation of this pathway is frequently encountered in cancers. In this study, we present a network-based compartmental model for the paradigm of GEM-facilitated cross-talk between RTKs and G proteins and how that impacts cellular cAMP. Our model predicts that cross-talk between GIV, Gαs, and Gαi proteins dampens ligand-stimulated cAMP dynamics. This prediction was experimentally verified by measuring cAMP levels in cells under different conditions. We further predict that the direct proportionality of cAMP concentration as a function of receptor number and the inverse proportionality of cAMP concentration as a function of PDE concentration are both altered by GIV levels. Taking these results together, our model reveals that GIV acts as a tunable control valve that regulates cAMP flux after growth factor stimulation. For a given stimulus, when GIV levels are high, cAMP levels are low, and vice versa. In doing so, GIV modulates cAMP via mechanisms distinct from the two most often targeted classes of cAMP modulators, GPCRs and PDEs