Examination of Lower Limb Ambidextrous Execution of the Snap Down Technique in Folk Style Wrestling

The purpose of this study was to examine the kinematic motions of the lower extremity in the snap down technique. Specifically, the study examined the kinematic differences between execution using the dominant and non-dominant side. Angular displacement, velocity and acceleration of the hip, knee and ankle joint was examined. It was hypothesized that a significant statistical difference would be observed in multiple variables between the dominant and non-dominant limb execution. Five male collegiate wrestlers were recruited for participation in the study. Inclusion into the study was on the basis that each participant was right side dominant and displayed proper foot placement when performing the technique. Each was instructed to perform a total of ten snaps, five using each side. A standard two-dimensional kinematic analysis was conducted using data obtained at the maximal point of head impact on the mat. The results showed a significant statistical difference only at ankle joint angular acceleration (p = 0.02), though these findings were not strong enough to conclude a true difference. This indicated that lower extremity ambidexterity was achieved by the college wrestlers in the study. Further studies and future research may be warranted to examine the kinematic differences of the technique on the basis of weight class and/or experience level

Modern Warfare: Is the Evolution of Weaponry Worth the Cost?

War is a creation of mankind that has evolved along with human civilization, leaving a bloody trail in its wake. As there are those in our world who strive to improve peacetime society, there are also those who push the limits of weaponry and revolutionize the way war is waged. In this day and age, opposing forces rarely meet on a traditional battlefield but instead inflict death and destruction from across the horizon with weapons of catastrophic capability. Consequently the costs of developing such advanced war machines are increasingly heavy. With this rapid evolution of combat and the weaponry used in it, my question is simple: Are all the advancements truly worth the cost

Sibling Mediation in an Executive Function Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder characterized by social communication deficits and restricted, repetitive behaviors. It is associated with deficits in cognitive flexibility, which is the ability to switch between tasks, shift attention, and adapt learned responses. Various interventions, such as the Unstuck and On Target curriculum, target cognitive flexibility. In addition, prior studies have supported including sibling mediation in interventions; however, the inclusion of siblings as mediators of the Unstuck and On Target curriculum has not yet been explored. We propose to determine whether including siblings as mediators to a modified Unstuck and On Target curriculum improves cognitive flexibility outcomes, specifically performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, as well as the quality of the sibling relationship. This randomized controlled trial will provide implications on the integration of typically developing sibling mediators in other contexts to help children with autism spectrum disorder

Sustainability in Business: Adapting to New Trends

Environmental sustainability is a concept that businesses should incorporate in order to maximize production, increase competitiveness in their respective markets, and enhance their longevity. To address and incorporate environmental and sustainability concerns into business practice, a concept call the triple bottom line was developed by John Elkington. As Timothy Slaper and Tanya Hall explain for the Indiana Business Review (2011), Elkington contrived the idea of the triple bottom line to include three primary factors: economic, environmental, and social, commonly referred to as the “three P’s” as profit, planet, and people (p. 4). Businesses that emphasize these three factors equally instead of financial gain and superiority, they argue, attain better success both in the short and long term

Upper Limb Ambidexterity in the Wrestling Snap Down Technique

The sport of wrestling dates back as far as recorded history. Folk style is a subdivision of that ancient sport, considered the most popular form of wrestling in U.S high schools and universities. An important skill used by Folk style wrestlers is the snap down technique. However, there is a lack of scientific literature that examines the kinematic motions of the snap down technique bilaterally. Understanding athletic ambidexterity is an important factor in athletic performance and injury prevention, particularly in wrestling. Therefore, the purpose of the research study was to bilaterally examine the kinematic motions of the upper extremity in the snap down technique. A standard two-dimensional kinematic motion analysis was conducted with six male collegiate wrestlers. The results showed no significant statistical difference between right and left side in relation to elbow joint displacement (0.09, p \u3c 0.05), angular velocity (0.51, p \u3c 0.05), angular acceleration (0.99, p \u3c 0.05) and shoulder joint displacement (0.55, p \u3c 0.05), angular velocity (0.16, pp \u3c 0.05). These findings indicated that upper limb ambidexterity was achieved by all college wrestlers in the study. Further examination of the video analysis in this study, it revealed that some wrestlers performed the skill using their shoulder and elbow as “prime executors” of the technique while other wrestlers utilized their hips as the point of technique execution and used the shoulder and elbow joints as stabilizers of the opponent. Upon this discovery, future studies are warranted to investigate the kinematics of lower extremity motion in the snap down technique

Orthodontic Bracket Bond Strength Using Self-Etching Primer With or Without Pumice or Acid Etch Pretreatment

The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets to enamel in four bonding protocols: SEP without prior pumicing (None), Pre-etch and SEP without prior pumicing (Pre-etch), control: SEP with prior pumicing (Pumice), and Pre-etch and SEP with prior pumicing (Both). 80 extracted bovine incisors were randomly divided into 4 groups of 20, and brackets were bonded under the different experimental conditions. Debonding force was measured with an Instron universal testing machine. A two-way ANOVA comparing the four groups indicated that there was a significant difference in debonding force (P = 0.001). The SEP without prior pumicing group (17.69 ± 7.18 MPa) was statistically different from the SEP group with prior pumicing (25.82 ± 6.84 MPa). There was no statistical difference found among the other groups. Differences in the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) were analyzed by chi-square. ARI scores differed significantly (P =0.0048)