Real-time Monitoring for the Next Core-Collapse Supernova in JUNO

Core-collapse supernova (CCSN) is one of the most energetic astrophysical events in the Universe. The early and prompt detection of neutrinos before (pre-SN) and during the SN burst is a unique opportunity to realize the multi-messenger observation of the CCSN events. In this work, we describe the monitoring concept and present the sensitivity of the system to the pre-SN and SN neutrinos at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), which is a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector under construction in South China. The real-time monitoring system is designed with both the prompt monitors on the electronic board and online monitors at the data acquisition stage, in order to ensure both the alert speed and alert coverage of progenitor stars. By assuming a false alert rate of 1 per year, this monitoring system can be sensitive to the pre-SN neutrinos up to the distance of about 1.6 (0.9) kpc and SN neutrinos up to about 370 (360) kpc for a progenitor mass of 30$M_{\odot}$ for the case of normal (inverted) mass ordering. The pointing ability of the CCSN is evaluated by using the accumulated event anisotropy of the inverse beta decay interactions from pre-SN or SN neutrinos, which, along with the early alert, can play important roles for the followup multi-messenger observations of the next Galactic or nearby extragalactic CCSN.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figure

Quantitative Analysis of Steroid Hormones to Explore the Effects of Ginseng Medicines Base on UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS

The medicinal nature of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) mainly plays a role in regulating the energy and material metabolism of the body. The energy metabolism of the body is also regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems, and the hormones are an important component of the endocrine system to realize the coordinated action. Therefore, the medicinal nature of TCM is inextricably linked with the metabolism of hormones. Hyperthyroidism, qi-yin deficiency syndrome is regarded as the classic heat syndrome category in Chinese medicine, which can be used as model to reflect the mechanism and difference of qi tonifying of ginseng herbs with different medicinal natures. Steroid hormones are synthesized in the adrenal cortex, mitochondria of placental cells, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and gonads of the human body by the participation of various metabolic enzymes. Meanwhile, most of the patients with hyperthyroidism have adrenocortical dysfunction in the clinic, and the corresponding clinical symptoms are closely related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT), the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG). When hyperthyroidism occurs, the production and release of steroid hormones will be affected to a certain extent. To explore the correlation between the level of steroid hormones and hyperthyroidism, and the ameliorative effects of red ginseng and ginseng leaves of different types of the genus Ginseng on hypermetabolism of hyperthyroidism and the changes of related indexes, a method of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) was established for rapid identification and quantification of chemical components, including adrenaline, androstenedione, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, estriol, progesterone, 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, corticosterone, and cortisol in rat serum. Then, multivariate analysis method, principal component analysis (PCA), and Spearman test were used to analyze the correlation among adrenaline, steroid hormones, and thyroid function. The results showed that the contents of steroid hormone in the serum of the model group of rats decrease to different degrees, compared with the control group, and increase after the administration of different types of ginsengs. Meanwhile, it was proved that the established method has high sensitivity, good reproducibility, high accuracy, and fast analysis, which can screen a large number of steroid hormones in complex samples in a short time, for accurately investigation of the effects of ginsengs on the content of 9 types of steroid hormones in hyperthyroidism rats. The abnormal levels of steroid hormones are related to thyroid hormones. Corticosterone and adrenaline can serve as key indicators for regulating steroid hormone metabolism of TCMs like ginsengs. Testosterone can be used as the biomarker for regulating steroid hormones of the cold nature herbs. Adrenaline and androstenedione can be used as biomarkers for regulating steroid hormones of the warm nature herbs. This method can conveniently, quickly, accurately, and efficiently complete the analysis of target components in samples. The average recoveries of steroid hormones in rat serum range from 88.75% to 106.94%, and the relative standard deviation is less than 1.99%. This can be used for the determination of steroid hormones in rat serum systematically, rapidly, accurately and efficiently, and provides a methodological reference for the analysis and determination of steroid hormones

UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS-based Quantitative Analysis on Bile Acid in Hyperthyroidism Rats to Explore the Effects of Ginseng Herbs

A method of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) was developed to determine the contents of deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, glycinecholic acid, taurocholic acid, tauroporic deoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid in the serum of rats with hyperthyroidism and each administration group. The separation of compounds was carried out on an Agilent zorbax SB-C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm×1.8 μm). The mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in the water, the flow rate was 0.4 mL/min, the injection volume was 5 μL. The mass spectrometry was determined by electrospray ionization in negative ion mode, and was scanned by multiple response monitoring mode. The ion scanning range was m/z 50-1 000, with a capillary voltage of 3.5 kV, ion source temperature of 150 ℃, atomization gas flow rate of 50 L/h, desolvation gas flow rate of 800 L/h, desolvation temperature of 250 ℃. Multivariate analysis method of principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the content of bile acids in each group, which identified the nature of ginseng and biomarkers of bile acids that regulated the cold and hot nature of ginseng. Spearman was used to analyze the correlation between bile acid level and thyroid function. The results showed that the calibration curves of 8 bile acids were linear in the quantitative range. The average recoveries of bile acid isotopes ranged from 82.71% to 104.05% and the coefficients of variation were all less than 15%. Compared with the blank control group, the contents of deoxycholic acid, goose deoxycholic acid, porcine deoxycholic acid, and cholic acid in the serum of hyperthyroidism rats decreased, and the content of primary bile acid-cholic acid increased after administration of Phellodendrina chinense and ginseng leaves. The cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and goose deoxycholic acid can be used as the biomarkers for regulating bile acids in cold and cool nature herbs, and glycine cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and taurocholic acid can be used as the biomarkers for regulating bile acids in warm nature herbs. The level of thyroxine (T4) was negatively correlated with deoxycholic acid. The level of tri-iodothyronine (T3) was negatively correlated with porcine deoxycholic acid, glycine cholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurocholic acid, and taurocholic acid. The UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method has the advantages of simple operation, high sensitivity, and strong multiplexing detection capability, which can be used to determine the content of serum bile acid. The abnormal level of bile acid is associated with thyroid hormone to a certain extent

Characterisation of oligosaccharides from Baizhu by HILIC-MS

Polysaccharides from Baizhu were separated by preparative hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography on an XAmide column and its components were characterised as inulin-type polysaccharides with structures of alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-[-(1 -> 2) -beta-D-fructofuranosyl-](n-1)-(1 -> 2) -beta-D-fructofuranoside (n=3-20) by a combinatory application of electrospray-ionisation mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and IR, as well as the chemical analysis of monosaccharide composition. In addition, the contents of nystose and 1F-fructofranosylnystose in the crude and purified Baizhu polysaccharides were determined to be 5.81%, 4.92% and 0.70%, 0.84% (w/w), respectively. In addition, MTT assay indicated that the Baizhu polysaccharides could effectively promote spleen lymphocyte transformation for the enhancement of organism immunity. It is for the first time that inulin-type polysaccharides were discovered in Baizhu and its immuno-enhancing activity was reported, which is a vigorous evidence to explain the efficacy of Baizhu

Notch signal protects non-parenchymal cells from ischemia/reperfusion injury in vitro by repressing ROS

Background. We have previously reported that Notch signaling pathway protects hepatocytes from ische-mia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by repressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, apart from hepatocytes, non-parenchymal cells including vascular endothelia cells, Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells are also reported to be involved in hepatic I/R injury.Aim. To clarify the role of Notch signaling in non-parenchymal cells subjected to I/R injury.Materials and methods. Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs), mouse macrophage line RAW264.7 and rat hepatic stellate cell line HSC-T6 were cultured and subjected to I/R injury, respectively. Activation of Notch signaling was assessed by NICD western blot. Then, pharmacological inhibitor (γ-secretase inhibitor GSI) was used to block Notch signaling of related cell lines in vitro. Intracellular ROS was detected and analyzed by FACS and apoptosis was examined by TUNEL staining and Annexin V staining. Results. Notch signaling responded to I/R injury and I/R injury induced activation of Notch signaling in nonparenchymal cells. Notch signal deficiency led to overproduction of ROS and aggravated cell death of non-parenchymal cells subjected to I/R injury.Conclusion. Notch signal protectes non-parenchymal cells from I/R injury by repressing ROS

Identification and profiling of Bactrocera dorsalis microRNAs and their potential roles in regulating the developmental transitions of egg hatching, molting, pupation and adult eclosion

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small noncoding RNAs (18-25 nt) that are involved in many physiological processes including development, cancer, immunity, apoptosis and host-microbe interactions through post transcriptional regulation of gene expression. In this study, we measured the profile of small RNAs over the developmental transitions of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis from egg hatching, molting, and pupation to adult eclosion. We identified 250 miRNAs, including 83 known and 167 novel miRNAs, and 47 isomiRNAs. In addition, we identified the miRNAs differentially expressed over the developmental transitions. Interestingly, the miR-309 cluster, the miR-2 cluster/family and the let-7 cluster were among these differentially expressed miRNAs, suggesting a role in the regulation of egg hatching, molting and pupation/adult eclosion, respectively. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the temporal expression patterns of 14 highly expressed miRNAs in the pupal stage revealed three types of expression profiles. Furthermore, injection of a miR-100 mimic in the 3rd instar larvae resulted in a significant decrease in pupation and adult eclosion rates, whereas injection of a miR-317 antagomir resulted in a significant decrease in the pupation rate and a decrease in the pupation time, indicating that miR-100 and miR-317 are involved in the process of pupation. Finally, injection of a miR-100/miR285 mimic or antagomir in pupae resulted in a significant decrease in the eclosion rate and a significant increase in the prevalence of a partial eclosion phenotype, implying the involvement of miR-100 and miR-285 in the process of adult eclosion. This study identified critical miRNAs involved in the transitions of this important holometabolic model and pest insect B. dorsalis from egg hatching to adult eclosion, thus providing a useful resource for exploring the regulatory role of miRNAs during insect post-embryonic development