Inculcating Professional Ethics among Employees in the Workplace: A Systematic Literature Review

Professional ethics has become a vital and challenging topic in today's environment. Thus, the goal of this study is to encourage and enhance ethical behaviour among employees, as well as to foster a strong professional ethics culture inside organizations. In this sense, the study's goal is to accomplish three objectives. First, it explains what professional ethics is and how it affects an organisation. Second, the article emphasizes the importance and necessity of cultivating an ethical culture inside a company. Finally, the study investigates how employees’ attitudes influence workplace ethics and some implications are derived from the findings. Secondary data sources such as journals, articles, books, research papers, and websites were used in this study, which was mostly performed using a qualitative research approach. The study's findings indicate that employees' attitudes have an influence on organizations' workplace ethics. According to the findings of this study, professional ethics is essential for any organization to establish and sustain a strong and ethical culture among its employees. Therefore, managers should focus not just on achieving corporate goals while fostering meaningful working relationships, but also on encouraging ethical behaviour among employees.        KEYWORDS: Professional Ethics, Ethical Culture, Employees, Ethical Behaviou

The monetary approach to the balance of payments : a case study of Sri Lanka

This study examines the empirical validity of the monetary approach to the balance of pay men ts in Sri Lanka during the period 1958-1984. In most aspects it indicates that the monetary approach is most relevant for an analysis of recent developments in the Sri Lankan balance of payments. The central point of the monetary approach to the balance of pay men ts theory is that deficits or surpluses reflect stock disequilibrium between demand and supply in the market for money. The theory is based on the premise that there is a stable demand function for money in the economy. In addition the theory implicitly assumes that there are no structural changes in the economy, especially in the balance of payments. The empirical results show that, in general, the theory holds for the Sri Lankan economy. Further, it indicates that structural changes should be taken into consideration when t.sting the theory in Sri Lanka. With t his qualification t he theory has a great er relevance to the economy. This approach to studying Sri Lanka's balance of payments reflects two main arguments. First, it is a relatively small economy with very little control over prices in the world market. Second, monetary policies have been controlled and influenced by the Central Bank, which is responsible for influencing the external balances. Thus, Sri Lanka provides not only the conditions necessary for testing a monetary model of a small open economy, but also offers some interesting in sights into the theory and policy. This is the importance of structural changes (private remittances) which need Co be included as an explicit assumption in the model

Efficiency of an E-Commerce Web Application with MERN Stack and Modern Tools

The majority of people in today's generation use technology to manage their life and take care of their basic necessities. Many of us in our generation shop for clothing, groceries, and electronics and even fancy items via e-commerce websites.  We created a single chocolatier e-commerce web application utilizing the MERN stack, which consists of the MongoDB database, the Express.JS framework, the React.JS library, and the Node.JS platform. This program has several views for users and administrators, is fully functioning with 8 main functions.   Depending on the interests of the consumer, we can purchase many chocolate types and brands through this website. In this project, we have the option to add and remove, edit, and save various products. For the website, we have created administrative features including login and logout options, admin dashboard, category and brand management for customers, payment method options for carts, review, and promotion management. Customers could search, sort, filter, and add goods to the cart. The customer can pay and purchase the things when the bills are created based on the cart contents. On the other hand, we have used the modern tools which are necessary to improve the functional and non-functional requirements of the application

Enhanced motivational interviewing for reducing weight and increasing physical activity in adults with high cardiovascular risk: the MOVE IT three-arm RCT.

BACKGROUND: Motivational interviewing (MI) enhanced with behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and deployed by health trainers targeting multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) may be more effective than interventions targeting a single risk factor. OBJECTIVES: The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an enhanced lifestyle motivational interviewing intervention for patients at high risk of CVD in group settings versus individual settings and usual care (UC) in reducing weight and increasing physical activity (PA) were tested. DESIGN: This was a three-arm, single-blind, parallel randomised controlled trial. SETTING: A total of 135 general practices across all 12 South London Clinical Commissioning Groups were recruited. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1742 participants aged 40-74 years with a ≥ 20.0% risk of a CVD event in the following 10 years were randomised. INTERVENTIONS: The intervention was designed to integrate MI and cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), delivered by trained healthy lifestyle facilitators in 10 sessions over 1 year, in group or individual format. The control group received UC. RANDOMISATION: Simple randomisation was used with computer-generated randomisation blocks. In each block, 10 participants were randomised to the group, individual or UC arm in a 4 : 3 : 3 ratio. Researchers were blind to the allocation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes are change in weight (kg) from baseline and change in PA (average number of steps per day over 1 week) from baseline at the 24-month follow-up, with an interim follow-up at 12 months. An economic evaluation estimates the relative cost-effectiveness of each intervention. Secondary outcomes include changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and CVD risk score. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 69.75 years (standard deviation 4.11 years), 85.5% were male and 89.4% were white. At the 24-month follow-up, the group and individual intervention arms were not more effective than UC in increasing PA [mean 70.05 steps, 95% confidence interval (CI) -288 to 147.9 steps, and mean 7.24 steps, 95% CI -224.01 to 238.5 steps, respectively] or in reducing weight (mean -0.03 kg, 95% CI -0.49 to 0.44 kg, and mean -0.42 kg, 95% CI -0.93 to 0.09 kg, respectively). At the 12-month follow-up, the group and individual intervention arms were not more effective than UC in increasing PA (mean 131.1 steps, 95% CI -85.28 to 347.48 steps, and mean 210.22 steps, 95% CI -19.46 to 439.91 steps, respectively), but there were reductions in weight for the group and individual intervention arms compared with UC (mean -0.52 kg, 95% CI -0.90 to -0.13 kg, and mean -0.55 kg, 95% CI -0.95 to -0.14 kg, respectively). The group intervention arm was not more effective than the individual intervention arm in improving outcomes at either follow-up point. The group and individual interventions were not cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced MI, in group or individual formats, targeted at members of the general population with high CVD risk is not effective in reducing weight or increasing PA compared with UC. Future work should focus on ensuring objective evidence of high competency in BCTs, identifying those with modifiable factors for CVD risk and improving engagement of patients and primary care. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN84864870. FUNDING: This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 23, No. 69. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. This research was part-funded by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London

GREEN PRODUCTIVITY: AN APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRO-FORESTRY IN SRI LANKA.

The agricultural and forest resources in Sri Lanka are diminishing while thepopulation is still growing. Hence, designing of resource-efficient agroforestrysystems has considerable potential not only to improve forest andagricultural production but also to enhance and maintain overall productivityof sustainable small farm units. The different types of agro forestry systemsin the country are highly diverse and complex in characters and functions.However, the productivity of agro-forestry system and the role inenvironmental conservation are lower than their potential due to lack ofproper management practices. Green Productivity (GP) approach emphasizesthe sustainable development of agro-forestry systems enhancing productivityand using resources efficiently while protecting the environment.The paper attempts to discuss the concept, methodology, principle stage,implementation strategies and impact assessment of GP approach with theview of sustainable development of agro-forestry systems in Sri Lanka. TheGP concept emphasizes environmentally sound technology transfer to keepagro forestry systems competitive; environmental regulations to extendfarmers responsibility; and cleaner production enhancing productivity andenvironmental performance of the agro-forestry systems. The methodologyof GP would consist of problem-solving steps, selecting tools, techniques andtechnologies useful for solving problems in agro forestry and application ofsocio-economic and environmental principles and values for agro-forestryimprovements. The six principle stages of GP are described in terms ofgetting started to gain base-line information and identify problems in agroforestrysystems: generation and evaluation of GP options to meet theobjectives and targets of the agro-forestry system: implementation of GPoptions involving performance and the targets being achieved: and sustainingGP through corrective options to achieve objectives and targets of thesustainable agro forestry systems

Factors influencing haemodialysis arteriovenous fistula patency after balloon angioplasty: a systematic review

Aim: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is an established treatment for haemodialysis fistula stenosis. This study aimed to systematically review evidence for factors associated with patency after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Background: The effects of patient comorbidity, demographic, biochemical and anatomical characteristics, with initial PTA success and post-intervention patency have not previously been summarised. Methods: We searched databases to identify studies assessing patency after PTA in haemodialysis fistulae. Studies of immature or thrombosed fistulae or other dialysis access were excluded. Quality of studies was assessed using a modified validated checklist. Outcomes assessed were post-intervention primary and secondary patency, restenosis at 6 months, technical and clinical success, assisted primary patency and mean interval or frequency of endovascular interventions during follow up. Findings were summarized descriptively. Results: We included 12 single-centre studies of 1 120 participants with 1281 fistulae. Follow-up ranged from 3 days-10years. Shorter primary patency was seen with more recent fistulae (4 studies), longer stenosis length, upper arm fistulae (2 studies), small inflow artery diameter, arteriovenous anastomotic site and history of previous endovascular interventions (1 study each). Shorter secondary patency was seen with increased patient age (2 studies), and more recent fistulae (1 study). Early restenosis was associated with diabetes (3 studies), HbA1c, low-density lipoprotein, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (1 study each). Technical success was reduced for upper arm fistulae and high-grade stenoses (1 study), while clinical success of PTA was more likely in stenotic compared to thrombosed fistulae (1 study). Conclusion: Fistula characteristics and diabetes may be associated with poor PTA outcomes, however evidence is inconclusive, and the role of metabolic and inflammatory markers is unclear