Supporting hydrocarbon exploration in new venture areas with optical remote sensing

In past time, exploration geologists mainly used Earth Observation systems for basin-wide analysis of gravimetry, magnetomerty, structural faults, lithology and land-cover. After two decades of research, nowadays multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing represent a cutting-edge technology in the oil and gas industry. The application fields of optical remote sensing not only range from the monitoring of the oilfields to the evaluation of pollution, but also to hydrocarbon exploration. With reference to exploration activities, the observation of the territory from above into several different wavelengths is able to supply inestimable geophysical information related to the microseepage effect, different and complementary to tradition geophysical methods. It is almost accepted that many of the oil and gas fields leak light hydrocarbon gases along nearly vertical pathways and, thus, their detection with multi/hyperspectral imaging can support the detection of active petroleum systems. Indeed, several independent oil companies are using satellite and airborne observations for reducing exploration risks in new venture areas and for optimizing their seismic surveys. This study shows some examples of microseepage-related geochemical and geobotanical alterations detected in several different environments, from sandy desert to vegetated savannah, both using airborne hyperspectral data and multispectral satellite time series. All the examples analyze real onshore concession blocks in Africa and Asia and results clearly show a correlation between the spectral signals recorded form remote with in situ measures, well logs, the knowledge of the subsurface and the position of known oilfields

Protocollo operativo per la validazione geometrica di immagini satellitari ad alta risoluzione

Nel corso degli ultimi anni, la crescente disponibilità di scene acquisite da satelliti ad alta risoluzione spaziale (come GeoEye-1, WorldView-1 e 2 o Pleiades-1A e 1B) ha aperto nuovi scenari di applicazioni realizzabili a scala medio-piccola, avvicinando così il Telerilevamento alla Fotogrammetria

Protocollo operativo per la validazione geometrica di immagini satellitari ad alta risoluzione

Nel corso degli ultimi anni, la crescente disponibilita\u300 di scene acquisite da satelliti ad alta risoluzione spaziale (come GeoEye-1, WorldView-1 e 2 o Pleiades-1A e 1B) ha aperto nuovi scenari di applicazioni realizzabili a scala medio-piccola, avvicinando cosi\u300 il Telerilevamento alla Fotogrammetria

Protocollo operativo per la validazione geometrica di immagini satellitari ad alta risoluzione

In recent years, the increasing availability of scenes captured by high-spatial resolution satellites (such as GeoEye-1, WorldView-1 and Pleiades-2 or 1A and 1B) has opened new application scenarios realizable to a littlemid scale, bringing the Remote Sensing more near to Photogrammetry. Starting from satellite images, it is now possible to generate map products (ortho) of the earth's surface, manageable within GIS software and suitable to constitute base maps of geographic information systems

EMI Minimization from Stacked Radiation Sources by Means of Multiple Objective Genetic Algorithm

The containment of unwanted electromagnetic radiation and interference is a relevant topic for the system design of any electrical system, and even more for data centers. In this context, the racks hosting piles of servers are one of the main sources of electromagnetic noise. Such unwanted radiation can couple and interact with other computing machines, but also with sensitive electronic devices needed for the management and/or maintenance of the center. The aim of this work is to show how the proper stack-up of the trays in the rack gives rise to a decrease in the unwanted physical electromagnetic radiation. Based on the application of the spherical wave expansion technique, a multi-objective genetic algorithm is developed to evaluate the optimal set of rack configurations that allows for a reduction of the external radiated field. The algorithm and the implemented constraints are described, and the results are discussed

EMI Minimization from Stacked Radiation Sources by Means of Multiple Objective Genetic Algorithm

The containment of unwanted electromagnetic radiation and interference is a relevant topic for the system design of any electrical system, and even more for data centers. In this context, the racks hosting piles of servers are one of the main sources of electromagnetic noise. Such unwanted radiation can couple and interact with other computing machines, but also with sensitive electronic devices needed for the management and/or maintenance of the center. The aim of this work is to show how the proper stack-up of the trays in the rack gives rise to a decrease in the unwanted physical electromagnetic radiation. Based on the application of the spherical wave expansion technique, a multi-objective genetic algorithm is developed to evaluate the optimal set of rack configurations that allows for a reduction of the external radiated field. The algorithm and the implemented constraints are described, and the results are discussed

Efficient Iterative Process Based on an Improved Genetic Algorithm for Decoupling Capacitor Placement at Board Level

To reduce the noise created by a power delivery network, the number, the value of decoupling capacitors and their arrangement on the board are critical to reaching this goal. This work deals with specific improvements, implemented on a genetic algorithm, which used for the optimization of the decoupling capacitors in order to obtain the frequency spectrum of the input impedance in different positions on the network, below previously defined values. Measurements are performed on a specifically manufactured board in order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and the optimization results obtained for a specific example board

Impact of Chip and Interposer PDN to Eye Diagram in High Speed Channels

The paper applies the combined SI-PI co-simulation to on chip high speed interconnects. A complete model of chip and interposer PDN is developed and, together to a lumped model of the PCB and package PDN, it is employed to supply I/O drivers for HBM traces laid out on silicon interposer. A comprehensive analysis is carried out highlighting the impact of the decoupling capacitor placement and their corresponding parasitic inductance on the supply voltage ripple and on the output eye diagram at the signal receivers

Mapping large-scale microseepage signals for supporting oil and gas exploration in new ventures

Optical remote sensing is emerging among non-conventional geophysical methods for oil & gas exploration and mineral prospecting. Complementary to all traditional technologies such as seismic, magnetic, gravity or electric methods, multispectral imaging is able to detect long-term biochemical and geochemical environmental alterations, known as microseepage effect, produced by invisible small fluxes of light hydrocarbons migrating from the underground deposits to the surface. This paper describes a case study where satellite multispectral data were used to detect large-scale microseepage signals nearby Lake Turkana (Republic of Kenya). The satellite analysis highlighted the presence of invisible surface signals on top of several oilfields discovered only many years after the image collection

Satellite remote sensing for hydrocarbon exploration in new venture areas

Multispectral remote sensing is an emerging technology for the oil & gas industry. Since its first application, Earth Observation has seen an enormous breakthrough in a brand-new field such as geosciences for hydrocarbon exploration: both the awareness of the microseepage phenomenon and data processing methods for its detection have greatly improved in the last years. This paper describes a case study of microseepage signals detection in the East Africa Rift System, onshore of Lake Albert, using multi-sensor satellite time series. Results clearly show that the spectral anomalies identified from satellite are closely related to the known oilfields and that the microseepage maps can provide new high-quality data to reduce exploration risk