La poligonación en la topografía inicial para el control del diseño geométrico en la construcción de carreteras. estudio de casos

El presente proyecto de investigación se ubica dentro de la línea de investigación de la Ingeniería de Transporte. La necesidad de contar con una Poligonal de apoyo para el control topográficoen la construcción de una obra lineal (carretera), y que además el planteamiento, los procedimientos topográficos y la definición de los datos finales sean los correctos se ha convertido en ocasiones en la problemática principal en el inicio de obra en carreteras. La falta de exactitud y precisión en los datos de la poligonal de apoyo se ven reflejados en errores, en algunos casos graves, en el trazado y replanteo de los componentes del Diseño Geométrico de la carretera, que han costado tiempo y dinero a las empresas constructoras. En tal sentido llevaremos a la práctica las diversas teorías y conceptos existentes sobre el tema, los adecuados procedimientos y secuencias para obtener los datos correctos que hagan posible la adecuada ejecución de la obra, desde su inicio hasta su satisfactoria culminación, sin retrasos ni sobrecostos. Veremos la aplicación de un caso real en el cual he aplicado dicha teoría y conceptos, en el planteamiento de una Red de una Poligonal Abierta orientada y compensada el cual, después de su adecuado planteamiento, nos permitió realizar un trabajo correcto sin contratiempos de ninguna clase, con respecto a nuestro tema.Tesi

Subcutaneous anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin for prevention of disease in asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trialResearch in context

Summary: Background: Anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin (hIG) can provide standardized and controlled antibody content. Data from controlled clinical trials using hIG for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 outpatients have not been reported. We assessed the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin 20% (C19-IG20%) compared to placebo in preventing development of symptomatic COVID-19 in asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: We did a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, in asymptomatic unvaccinated adults (≥18 years of age) with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within 5 days between April 28 and December 27, 2021. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive a blinded subcutaneous infusion of 10 mL with 1 g or 2 g of C19-IG20%, or an equivalent volume of saline as placebo. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants who remained asymptomatic through day 14 after infusion. Secondary endpoints included the proportion of individuals who required oxygen supplementation, any medically attended visit, hospitalisation, or ICU, and viral load reduction and viral clearance in nasopharyngeal swabs. Safety was assessed as the proportion of patients with adverse events. The trial was terminated early due to a lack of potential benefit in the target population in a planned interim analysis conducted in December 2021. ClinicalTrials.gov registry: NCT04847141. Findings: 461 individuals (mean age 39.6 years [SD 12.8]) were randomized and received the intervention within a mean of 3.1 (SD 1.27) days from a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. In the prespecified modified intention-to-treat analysis that included only participants who received a subcutaneous infusion, the primary outcome occurred in 59.9% (91/152) of participants receiving 1 g C19-IG20%, 64.7% (99/153) receiving 2 g, and 63.5% (99/156) receiving placebo (difference in proportions 1 g C19-IG20% vs. placebo, −3.6%; 95% CI -14.6% to 7.3%, p = 0.53; 2 g C19-IG20% vs placebo, 1.1%; −9.6% to 11.9%, p = 0.85). None of the secondary clinical efficacy endpoints or virological endpoints were significantly different between study groups. Adverse event rate was similar between groups, and no severe or life-threatening adverse events related to investigational product infusion were reported. Interpretation: Our findings suggested that administration of subcutaneous human hyperimmune immunoglobulin C19-IG20% to asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection was safe but did not prevent development of symptomatic COVID-19. Funding: Grifols