An experimental and numerical study of MILD combustion in a Cyclonic burner

The implementation of MILD combustion systems is limited by a lack of fundamental insight into such combustion regime and therefore novel tools are indispensable compared to traditional combustion systems. In this context CFD simulations for the prediction of the burner behaviour and for design and optimization appears essential for a successful introduction of such concept in some industries. Detailed chemistry has to be included in fluid-dynamics simulations in order to account for the strong turbulence-chemistry interaction in the MILD regime. An effective strategy to overcome this aspect is represented by tabulated chemistry techniques. In particular the implementation of Flamelet Generated Manifold with IML tabulation seems to be a promising tools for MILD systems and therefore high fidelity and comprehensive experimental data are needed for the assessment of such model. The present study is framed in this context and it investigates the characteristics of MILD Combustion in a Cyclonic lab-scale burner that operates with high level of internal recirculation degrees induced by a cyclonic fluid-dynamic pattern obtained by the geometrical configuration of the reactor and of the feeding system. Experimental tests were realized varying the mixture composition. Detailed measurements of local mean temperatures and concentrations of gas species at the stack for several operating conditions were used to validate the FGM model under such unconventional operating conditions. Results suggest that FGM with IML is a promising tool for modeling the complex flame structures of cyclonic MILD burner, with many aspects that need to be further investigated

FATTY ACID SYNTHASE IS A MARKER OF INCREASED RISK OF RECURRENCE IN ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA

.Purpose. To explore the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and human erythrocyte glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) in endometrial carcinomas and to detect associations with clinicopathological features and prognosis. FAS and GLUT1 are two molecules involved in energy supply of normal cells. These markers are overexpressed in neoplastic tissues because of their increased necessity of energy. Methods. Ninety-five patients with endometrial carcinoma were followed-up for an average period of 5 years. FAS and GLUT1 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Staining was determined with a semiquantitative method. Negative controls were obtained from patients submitted to hysterectomy for uterine prolapse. Results. Eighty-five cases were endometrioid, 7 were serous, and 1 was a mucinous carcinoma. Seventy-two cases (75%) were stage I, 12 (13%) were stage II, and 11 (12%) were stage III carcinomas. Sixteen (15%) carcinomas recurred. Nine patients (8%) died for cancer during the follow-up period. FAS expression was observed in 53 cases (56%). GLUT1 expression was observed in 32 (43%) cases. Statistical analysis revealed that FAS ( P = 0.04) and stage ( P = 0.001) of the disease were the only two independent predictors of recurrence. GLUT1 and other clinicopathologic parameters had no prognostic association. Conclusions. FAS is a reliable marker of clinically aggressive endometrial carcinomas. The knowledge of FAS expression in endometrial carcinomas is an important finding that may stratify patients into selected groups and determine therapeutic approaches for patient care