71 research outputs found
String Organization of Field Theories: Duality and Gauge Invariance
String theories should reduce to ordinary four-dimensional field theories at
low energies. Yet the formulation of the two are so different that such a
connection, if it exists, is not immediately obvious. With the Schwinger
proper-time representation, and the spinor helicity technique, it has been
shown that field theories can indeed be written in a string-like manner, thus
resulting in simplifications in practical calculations, and providing novel
insights into gauge and gravitational theories. This paper continues the study
of string organization of field theories by focusing on the question of local
duality. It is shown that a single expression for the sum of many diagrams can
indeed be written for QED, thereby simulating the duality property in strings.
The relation between a single diagram and the dual sum is somewhat analogous to
the relation between a old- fashioned perturbation diagram and a Feynman
diagram. Dual expressions are particularly significant for gauge theories
because they are gauge invariant while expressions for single diagrams are not.Comment: 20 pages in Latex, including seven figures in postscrip
Formation and evolution of coronal rain observed by SDO/AIA on February 22, 2012
The formation and dynamics of coronal rain are currently not fully
understood. Coronal rain is the fall of cool and dense blobs formed by thermal
instability in the solar corona towards the solar surface with acceleration
smaller than gravitational free fall. We aim to study the observational
evidence of the formation of coronal rain and to trace the detailed dynamics of
individual blobs. We used time series of the 171 \AA\, and 304 \AA\, spectral
lines obtained by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar
Dynamic Observatory (SDO) above active region AR 11420 on February 22, 2012.
Observations show that a coronal loop disappeared in the 171 \AA\ channel and
appeared in the 304 \AA\ line more than one hour later, which
indicates a rapid cooling of the coronal loop from 1 MK to 0.05 MK. An energy
estimation shows that the radiation is higher than the heat input, which
indicates so-called catastrophic cooling. The cooling was accompanied by the
formation of coronal rain in the form of falling cold plasma. We studied two
different sequences of falling blobs. The first sequence includes three
different blobs. The mean velocities of the blobs were estimated to be 50 km
s, 60 km s and 40 km s. A polynomial fit shows the
different values of the acceleration for different blobs, which are lower than
free-fall in the solar corona. The first and second blob move along the same
path, but with and without acceleration, respectively. We performed simple
numerical simulations for two consecutive blobs, which show that the second
blob moves in a medium that is modified by the passage of the first blob.
Therefore, the second blob has a relatively high speed and no acceleration, as
is shown by observations. The second sequence includes two different blobs with
mean velocities of 100 km s and 90 km s, respectively.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, Accepted in A&
Quasi-oscillatory dynamics observed in ascending phase of the flare on March 6, 2012
Context. The dynamics of the flaring loops in active region (AR) 11429 are
studied. The observed dynamics consist of several evolution stages of the
flaring loop system during both the ascending and descending phases of the
registered M-class flare. The dynamical properties can also be classified by
different types of magnetic reconnection, related plasma ejection and aperiodic
flows, quasi-periodic oscillatory motions, and rapid temperature and density
changes, among others. The focus of the present paper is on a specific time
interval during the ascending (pre-flare) phase. Aims. The goal is to
understand the quasi-periodic behavior in both space and time of the magnetic
loop structures during the considered time interval. Methods.We have studied
the characteristic location, motion, and periodicity properties of the flaring
loops by examining space-time diagrams and intensity variation analysis along
the coronal magnetic loops using AIA intensity and HMI magnetogram images (from
the Solar Dynamics Observatory(SDO)). Results. We detected bright plasma blobs
along the coronal loop during the ascending phase of the solar flare, the
intensity variations of which clearly show quasi-periodic behavior. We also
determined the periods of these oscillations. Conclusions. Two different
interpretations are presented for the observed dynamics. Firstly, the
oscillations are interpreted as the manifestation of non-fundamental harmonics
of longitudinal standing acoustic oscillations driven by the thermodynamically
nonequilibrium background (with time variable density and temperature). The
second possible interpretation we provide is that the observed bright blobs
could be a signature of a strongly twisted coronal loop that is kink unstable.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, A&A, in pres
Long-period oscillations of active region patterns: least-squares mapping on second-order curves
Active regions (ARs) are the main sources of variety in solar dynamic events.
Automated detection and identification tools need to be developed for solar
features for a deeper understanding of the solar cycle. Of particular interest
here are the dynamical properties of the ARs, regardless of their internal
structure and sunspot distribution. We studied the oscillatory dynamics of two
ARs: NOAA 11327 and NOAA 11726 using two different methods of pattern
recognition. We developed a novel method of automated AR border detection and
compared it to an existing method for the proof-of-concept. The first method
uses least-squares fitting on the smallest ellipse enclosing the AR, while the
second method applies regression on the convex hull.} After processing the
data, we found that the axes and the inclination angle of the ellipse and the
convex hull oscillate in time. These oscillations are interpreted as the second
harmonic of the standing long-period kink oscillations (with the node at the
apex) of the magnetic flux tube connecting the two main sunspots of the ARs. In
both ARs we have estimated the distribution of the phase speed magnitude along
the magnetic tubes (along the two main spots) by interpreting the obtained
oscillation of the inclination angle as the standing second harmonic kink mode.
After comparing the obtained results for fast and slow kink modes, we conclude
that both of these modes are good candidates to explain the observed
oscillations of the AR inclination angles, as in the high plasma regime
the phase speeds of these modes are comparable and on the order of the
Alfv\'{e}n speed. Based on the properties of the observed oscillations, we
detected the appropriate depth of the sunspot patterns, which coincides with
estimations made by helioseismic methods. The latter analysis can be used as a
basis for developing a magneto-seismological tool for ARs.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, Accepted for publication in A&
Inelastic production in polarized photon-hadron collisions
Presented here is a calculation of inelastic production in polarized
photon-hadron collisions under the framework of NRQCD factorization formalism.
We consider the photoproduction of \jpsi in the energy range relevant to
HERA. The Weizs\"acker-Williams approximation is adopted in the evaluation of
the cross sections for collisions. We found that this process can give
another independent test for the color-octet mechanism, and the different
features for the two color-octet processes may provide further informations on
the mechanism for inelastic \jpsi photoproduction. And the discrepancy on the
production asymmetry between various sets of polarized gluon distribution
functions is also found to be distinctive.Comment: 14pages, 6 PS figure
Multiloop String-Like Formulas for QED
Multiloop gauge-theory amplitudes written in the Feynman-parameter
representation are poised to take advantage of two important developments of
the last decade: the spinor-helicity technique and the superstring
reorganization. The former has been considered in a previous article; the
latter will be elaborated in this paper. We show here how to write multiloop
string-like formulas in the Feynman-parameter representation for any process in
QED, including those involving other non-electromagnetic interactions. The
general connection between the Feynman-parameter approach and the
superstring/first-quantized approach is discussed. In the special case of a
one-loop multi-photon amplitude, these formulas reduce to the ones obtained by
the superstring and the first quantized methods. The string-like formulas
exhibits a simple gauge structure which makes the Ward-Takahashi identity
apparent, and enables the integration-by-parts technique of Bern and Kosower to
be applied, so that gauge-invariant parts can be extracted diagram-by-diagram
with the seagull vertex neglected.Comment: 25 pages in Plain Tex, plus four figures in a postscript file;
McGill/92-5
Weyl-van-der-Waerden formalism for helicity amplitudes of massive particles
The Weyl-van-der-Waerden spinor technique for calculating helicity amplitudes
of massive and massless particles is presented in a form that is particularly
well suited to a direct implementation in computer algebra. Moreover, we
explain how to exploit discrete symmetries and how to avoid unphysical poles in
amplitudes in practice. The efficiency of the formalism is demonstrated by
giving explicit compact results for the helicity amplitudes of the processes
gamma gamma -> f fbar, f fbar -> gamma gamma gamma, mu^- mu^+ -> f fbar gamma.Comment: 24 pages, late
Generalized Gluon Currents and Applications in QCD
We consider the process containing two quark lines and an arbitrary number of
gluons in a spinor helicity framework. A current with two off-shell gluons
appears in the amplitude. We first study this modified gluon current using
recursion relations. The recursion relation for the modified gluon current is
solved for the case of like-helicity gluons. We apply the modified gluon
current to compute the amplitude for in the like-helicity gluon case.Comment: 80 pages, 2 figures (appended in pictex), CLNS 91/112
Diffractive light quark jet production at hadron colliders in the two-gluon exchange model
Massless quark and antiquark jet production at large transverse momentum in
the coherent diffractive processes at hadron colliders is calculated in the
two-gluon exchange parametrization of the Pomeron model. We use the helicity
amplitude method to calculate the cross section formula. We find that for the
light quark jet production the diffractive process is related to the
differential off-diagonal gluon distribution function in the proton. We
estimate the production rate for this process at the Fermilab Tevatron by
approximating the off-diagonal gluon distribution function by the usual
diagonal gluon distribution in the proton. And we find that the cross sections
for the diffractive light quark jet production and the charm quark jet
production are in the same order of magnitude. We also use the helicity
amplitude method to calculate the diffractive charm jet production at hadron
colliders, by which we reproduce the leading logarithmic approximation result
of this process we previously calculated.Comment: 15 pages, 4 PS figures, Revte
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