Genetic Approaches For Studying Myiasis-causing Flies: Molecular Markers And Mitochondrial Genomics

"Myiasis-causing flies" is a generic term that includes species from numerous dipteran families, mainly Calliphoridae and Oestridae, of which blowflies, screwworm flies and botflies are among the most important. This group of flies is characterized by the ability of their larvae to develop in animal flesh. When the host is a live vertebrate, such parasitism by dipterous larvae is known as primary myiasis. Myiasis-causing flies can be classified as saprophagous (free-living species), facultative or obligate parasites. Many of these flies are of great medical and veterinary importance in Brazil because of their role as key livestock insect-pests and vectors of pathogens, in addition to being considered important legal evidence in forensic entomology. 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Development Of New Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers For The New World Screw-worm Cochliomyia Hominivorax (diptera: Calliphoridae)

In this report, we describe the development of seven new polymorphic microsatellite markers for Cochliomyia hominivorax, a parasitic insect pest of primary agricultural and veterinary importance throughout the Neotropics. The number of alleles found ranged from 3 to 13 per locus, with the expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.4220 to 0.9045. The across-taxa amplification of some of these new microsatellite loci was successful in four additional Calliphoridae species. In combination with the 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers previously described, the markers developed here should provide a high resolution for assessing the fine-scale genetic structure of New World screw-worms. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.54815817Billotte, N., Lagoda, P.J.L., Risterucci, A.M., Baurens, F.C., Microsatellite-enriched libraries: Applied methodology for the development of SSR markers in tropical crops (1999) Fruits, 54, pp. 277-288Edwards, K.J., Barker, J.H.A., Daly, A., Jones, C., Karp, A., Microsatellite libraries enriched for several microsatellite sequences in plants (1996) BioTechniques, 20, pp. 758-759(2000) Genetic Sexing and Population Genetics of Screw Worms, , August 7-11, 2000, Vienna, Austria. 19ppRaymond, M., Rousset, F., GENEPOP (version 1.2): Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism (1995) Journal of Heredity, 86, pp. 248-249Rice, W.R., Analyzing tables of statistical tests (1989) Evolution, 43, pp. 223-225Rozen, S., Skaletsky, H.J., (1998) PRIMER 3, , http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/genome_software/other/primer3.html, Code availableTorres, T.T., Brondani, R.P.V., Garcia, J.E., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the New World screw-worm Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2004) Molecular Ecology Notes, 4, pp. 182-184Wyss, J.H., Galvin, T.J., Central America regional screw-worm eradication program (benefit/cost study) (1996) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 791, pp. 241-24

Evolutionary And Structural Analysis Of The Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (coi) Gene From Haematobia Irritans, Stomoxys Calcitrans And Musca Domestica (diptera: Muscidae) Mitochondrial Dna

This work describes the molecular characterization of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of the mitochondrial DNA from three species of great medical and veterinary importance: the horn fly, Haematobia irritans, the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans and the house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) (Linnaeus). The nucleotide sequence in all species was 1536 bp in size and coded for a 512 amino acid peptide. The nucleotide bias for an A + T-rich sequence is linked to three features: a high A + T content throughout the entire gene, a high A + T content in the third codon position, and a predominance of A + T-rich codons. An anomalous TCG (serine) start codon was identified. Comparative analysis among members of the Muscidae, Scatophagidae, Calliphoridae and Drosophilidae showed high levels of nucleotide sequence conservation. Analysis of the divergent amino acids and COI protein topologies among these three Muscidae species agreed with the evolutionary model suggested for the insect mitochondrial COI protein. The characterization of the structure and evolution of this gene could be informative for further evolutionary analysis of dipteran species. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Ltd.162156160Beard, C.B., Hamm, D.M., Collins, F.H., The mitochondrial genome of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae: DNA sequence, genome organization, and comparisons with mitochondrial sequences of other insects (1993) Insect Mol Biol, 2, pp. 103-124Bernasconi, M.V., Valsangiacomo, C., Piffaretti, J.C., Ward, P.I., Phylogenetic relationships among Muscoidea (Diptera: Calyptratae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences (2000) Insect Mol Biol, 9, pp. 67-74Caterino, M.S., Cho, S., Sperling, F.A.H., The current state of insect molecular systematics: A thriving Tower of Babel (2000) Annu Rev Entomol, 45, pp. 1-54Crozier, R.H., Crozier, Y.C., The mitochondrial genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera: Complete sequence and genome organization (1993) Genetics, 133, pp. 97-117Foster, P.G., Jermiin, L.S., Hickey, D.A., Nucleotide composition bias affects amino acid content in proteins coded by animal mitochondria (1997) J Mol E, 44, pp. 282-288Greenberg, B., Flies and disease (1973) Biology and Disease Transmission, 2. , New Jersey: University Press PrincetownInfante, M.E., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Genetic variability in mitochondrial DNA of screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from Brazil (1995) Biochem Genet, 33, pp. 737-756Kumar, S., Tamura, K., Nei, M., (1993) MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, Version 1.01, , University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State UniversityLessinger, A.C., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Evolution and structural organisation of mitochondrial DNA control region of myiasis-causing flies (2000) Med Vet Entomol, 14, pp. 71-80Litjens, P., Lessinger, A.C., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Characterization of the screwworm flies Cochliomyia hominivorax and Cochliomyia macellaria by PCR-RFLP of mitochondrial DNA (2001) Med Vet Entomol, 15, pp. 183-188Lunt, D.H., Zhang, D.-X., Szymura, J.M., Hewitt, G.M., The insect cytochrome oxidase I gene: Evolutionary patterns and conserved primers for phylogenetic studies (1996) Insect Mol Biol, 5, pp. 153-165Morlais, I., Severson, D.W., Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence and amino acid analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) from Aedes aegypti (2002) DNA Seq, 13, pp. 123-127Nirmala, X., Hypsa, V., Zurovec, M., Molecular phylogeny of Calyptratae (Diptera: Brachycera): The evolution of 18S and 16S ribosomal rDNAs in higher dipterans and their use in phylogenetic inference (2001) Insect Mol Biol, 10, pp. 475-485Saccone, C., De Giorgi, C., Gissi, C., Pesole, G., Reyes, A., Evolutionary genomics in Metazoa: The mitochondrial DNA as a model system (1999) Gene, 238, pp. 195-209Simon, C., Frati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H., Flook, P., Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers (1994) Ann Entomol Soc Am, 87, pp. 651-701Szalanski, A.L., Owens, C.B., Sequence change and phylogenetic signal in muscoid COII DNA sequences (2003) DNA Seq, 14, pp. 331-334Tajima, F., Nei, M., Estimation of evolutionary distance between nucleotide sequences (1984) Mol Biol Evol, 1, pp. 269-285Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., Higgins, D.G., The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools (1997) Nucleic Acids Research, 25, pp. 4876-488

A Survey Of Mutations In The Cochliomyia Hominivorax (diptera: Calliphoridae) Esterase E3 Gene Associated With Organophosphate Resistance And The Molecular Identification Of Mutant Alleles

Cochliomyia hominivorax (Calliphoridae) is one of the most important myiasis-causing flies and is responsible for severe economic losses to the livestock industry throughout the Neotropical region. In Brazil, C. hominivorax has been controlled mainly with organophosphate (OP) insecticides, although the inappropriate use of these chemicals can result in the selection of resistant flies. Changes in carboxylesterase activity have been associated with OP insecticides in some arthopodan species. In this work, we isolated and characterized part of the E3 gene in C. hominivorax (ChαE7), which contained the same substitutions responsible for the acquisition of OP hydrolase activity in Lucilia cuprina (Calliphoridae). Digestion of the polymerase chain reaction products with a restriction enzyme that specifically recognized the mutation site unambiguously differentiated wild and mutated esterase alleles. The PCR-RFLP assay therefore provided a fast, reliable DNA-based method for identifying C. hominivorax individuals with a mutation in the esterase gene. Further bioassays to determine the association of this mutation with OP resistance in C. hominivorax should allow the development of more effective strategies for managing this species. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.14003/04/15344351Altschul, S.F., Maden, T.L., Schäffer, A.A., Zhang, Z., Miller, W., Lipman, D.J., Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein data base search programs (1997) Nucleic Acids Res., 25, pp. 3389-3402Bigley, W.S., Plapp Jr., F.W., Esterase activity and susceptibility to parathion at different stages in the life cycle of organophosphorus-resistant and susceptible house flies (1961) J. Econ. Entomol., 54, p. 904Campbell, P.M., Newcomb, R.D., Russel, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G., Two different amino acid substitutions in the ali-esterase E3 confer alternative types of organophosphorus insecticide resistance in the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (1998) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 28, pp. 139-150Campbell, P.M., Trott, J.T., Claudianos, C., Smyth, K.A., Russel, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G., Biochemistry of esterases associated with organophosphate resistance with comparisons to putative orthologues in other Diptera (1997) Biochem. Genet., 35, pp. 17-40Cassanelli, S., Cerchiari, B., Giannini, S., Bizarro, D., Mazzoni, E., Manicardi, G.C., Use of the RFLP-PCR diagnostic test for characterizing MACE and kdr insecticide resistance in the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae (2005) Pest Manage. Sci., 61, pp. 91-96Claudianos, C., Russell, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G., The same amino acid substitution in orthologous esterases confers organophosphate resistance on the house fly and a blowfly (1999) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 29, pp. 675-686Cygler, M., Schrag, J.D., Sussman, J.L., Harel, M., Silman, I., Gentry, M.K., Doctor, B.P., Relationship between sequence conservation and three-dimensional structure in a large family of esterases, lipases, and related proteins (1993) Protein Sci., 2, pp. 366-382Hall, T.A., BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT (1999) Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser., 41, pp. 95-98Hall, M., Wall, R., Myiasis of human and domestic animals (1995) Adv. Parasitol., 35, pp. 257-334Heidari, R., Devonshire, A.L., Campbell, B.E., Bell, K.L., Dorrian, S.J., Oakeshott, J.G., Russel, R.J., Hydrolysis of pyrethroids by carboxylesterases from Lucilia cuprina and Drosophila melanogaster with active sites modified by in vitro mutagenesis (2005) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 35, pp. 597-609Hemingway, J., The molecular basis of two contrasting metabolic mechanisms of insecticide resistance (2000) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 30, pp. 1009-1015Hemingway, J., Karunaratne, S.H.P.P., Mosquito carboxylesterases: a review of the molecular biology and biochemistry of a major insecticide resistance mechanism (1998) Med. Vet. Entomol., 12, pp. 1-12Hughes, P.B., Mckenzie, J.A., Insecticide resistance in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina: speculation, science and strategies (1987) Combating Resistance to Xenobiotics: Biological and Chemical Approaches, pp. 162-177. , Ford M.G., Holloman D.W., Khambay B.P.S., and Sawicki R.M. (Eds), Ellis Horwood, ChichesterHughes, P.B., Raftos, D.A., Genetics of an esterase associated with resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1985) Bull. Entomol. Res., 75, pp. 535-544Infante, M.E., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Genetic variability in mitochondrial DNA of screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from Brazil (1995) Biochem. Genet., 33, pp. 737-756Lockridge, O., Blong, R.M., Masson, P., Froment, M.T., Millard, C.B., Broomfield, C.A., A single amino acid substitution, Gly 117His, confers phosphotriesterase (organophosphorus acid anhydride hydrolase) activity on human butyrylcholinesterase (1997) Biochemistry, 36, pp. 786-795Newcomb, R.D., Campbell, P.M., Ollis, D.L., Cheah, E., Russel, R.J., Oaheshott, J.G., A single amino acid substitution converts a carboxylesterase to an organophosphate hydrolase and confers insecticide resistance on a blowfly (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94, pp. 7464-7468Newcomb, R.D., Campbell, P.M., Russell, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G., cDNA cloning, baculovirus-expression and kinetic properties of the esterase, E3, involved in organophosphorus insecticide resistance in Lucilia cuprina (1997) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 27, pp. 15-25Newcomb, R.D., Gleeson, D.M., Yong, C.G., Russell, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G., Multiple mutations and gene duplications conferring organophosphorus insecticide resistance have been selected at the Rop-1 locus of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (2005) J. Mol. Evol., 60, pp. 207-220Parker, A.G., Campbell, P.M., Spackman, M.E., Russell, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G., Comparison of an esterase associated with organophosphate resistance in Lucilia cuprina with an orthologue not associated with resistance in Drosophila melanogaster (1996) Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 55, pp. 85-99Price, N.R., Insect resistance to insecticides: mechanisms and diagnosis (1991) Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 100 (3), pp. 319-326Smyth, K.A., Boyce, T.M., Russell, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G., MCE activities and malathion resistances in field populations of the Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) (2000) Heredity, 84, pp. 63-72Spackman, M.E., Oakeshott, J.G., Smyth, K.A., Medveczky, K.M., Russell, R.J., A cluster of esterase genes on chromosome 3R of Drosophila melanogaster includes homologues of esterase genes conferring insecticide resistance in several Diptera (1994) Biochem. Genet., 32, pp. 39-62Sussman, J.S., Harel, M., Frolov, F., Oefner, C., Goldman, A., Toker, L., Silman, I., Atomic structure of acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo californica: a prototypic acetylcholine-binding protein (1991) Science, 253, pp. 872-879Taskin, V., Kence, M., Göçmen, B., Determination of malathion and diazinon resistance by sequencing the MdαE7 gene from Guatemala, Colombia, Manhattan, and Thailand housefly (Musca domestica) strains (2004) Russ. J. Genet., 40, pp. 377-380Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., Higgins, D.G., The CustalX Windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools (1997) Nucleic Acids Res., 24, pp. 4876-4882Townsend, M.G., Busvine, J.R., The mechanism of malathion resistance in blowfly Chrysomya putoria (1969) Entomol. Exp. Appl., 12, pp. 243-267Van Asperen, K., Oppenoorth, F.J., Organophosphate resistance and esterase activity in houseflies (1969) Entomol. Exp. Appl., 2, pp. 48-57(1965) Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Old World, , Zumpt F. (Ed), London, Butterworths 267 p

Acetylcholinesterase Cdna Sequencing And Identification Of Mutations Associated With Organophosphate Resistance In Cochliomyia Hominivorax (diptera: Calliphoridae)

Altered acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been identified in numerous arthropod species resistant to organophosphate (OP) and carbamate insecticides. The New World screwworm (NWS) Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), one of the most important myiasis-causing flies in the Neotropics, has been controlled mainly by the application of OP insecticides in its current geographical distribution. However, few studies have investigated insecticide resistance in this species. Based on previous studies about mutations conferring OP resistance in related dipteran species, AChE cDNA was sequenced allowing a survey for mutations (I298V, G401A, F466Y) in NWS populations. In addition, the G137D mutation in the carboxylesterase E3 gene, also associated with OP resistance, was analyzed in the same NWS populations. Only 2/135 individuals presented an altered AChE gene (F466Y). In contrast, a high frequency of the G137D mutation in the E3 gene was found in some localities of Brazil and Uruguay, while the mutant allele was not found in Cuba, Venezuela or Colombia. These findings suggest that the alteration in the carboxylesterase E3 gene may be one of the main resistance mechanisms selected in this ectoparasite. The knowledge of the frequency of these resistance-associated mutations in the NWS natural populations may contribute to the selection of appropriate chemicals for control as part of pest management strategies. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.17701/02/15190195Altschul, S.F., Maden, T.L., Schäffer, A.A., Zhang, Z., Miller, W., Lipman, D.J., Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs (1997) Nucleic Acids Res., 25, pp. 3389-3402Bendtsen, J.D., Nielsen, H., von Heijne, G., Brunak, S., Improved prediction of signal peptides: signal P 3.0 (2004) J. Mol. Biol., 340, pp. 783-795Campbell, P.M., Trott, J.F., Claudianos, C., Smyth, K.A., Russell, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G., Biochemistry of esterases associated with organophosphate resistance in Lucilia cuprina with comparisons to putative orthologues in other Diptera (1997) Biochem. Genet., 35, pp. 17-40Carvalho, R.A., Torres, T.T., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., A survey of mutations in the Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) esterase E3 gene associated with organophosphate resistance and the molecular identification of mutant alleles (2006) Vet. Parasitol., 140, pp. 344-351Carvalho, R.A., Torres, T.T., Paniago, M.G., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Molecular characterization of esterase E3 gene associated with organophosphorus insecticide resistance in the New World screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (2009) Med. Vet. Entomol., 23, pp. 86-91Carvalho, R.A., Limia, C.E.G., Bass, C., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Changes in the frequency of the G137D and W251S mutations in the carboxylesterase E3 gene of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) populations from Uruguay (2010) Vet. Parasitol.Chen, Z., Newcomb, R., Forbes, E., Mckenzie, J., Batterham, P., The acetylcholinesterase gene and organophosphorus resistance in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (2001) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 31, pp. 805-816Claudianos, C., Russel, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G., The same amino acid substitution in orthologous esterases confers organophosphate resistance on the house fly and a blowfly (1999) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 29, pp. 675-686Coronado, A., Kowalski, A., Current status of the New World screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax in Venezuela (2009) Med. Vet. Entomol., 23 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 106-110Galvin, T.J., Wyss, J.H., Screwworm Eradication Program in Central America. Vector-borne pathogens: international trade and tropical animal diseases (1996) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 791, pp. 233-240Haas, T., Marshall, T.L., Rosenberry, T.L., Drosophila acetylcholinesterase: demonstration of a glycoinositol phospholipids anchor and an endogenous proteolytic cleavage (1998) Biochemistry, 27, pp. 6453-6457Hall, M., Wall, R., Myiasis of human and domestic animals (1995) Adv. Parasitol., 35, pp. 257-334Infante-Vargas, M.E., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Genetic variability in mitochondrial DNA of screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from Brazil (1995) Biochem. Genet., 33, pp. 737-756Kim, C.S., Kim, W.T., Boo, K.S., Kim, S.I., Cloning, mutagenesis and expression of the acetylcholinesterase gene from a strain of Musca domesticathe change from a drug-resistant to a sensitive enzyme (2003) Mol. Cell, 15, pp. 208-215Menozzi, P., Shi, M.A., Lougarre, A., Tang, Z.H., Fournier, D., Mutations of acetylcholinesterase which confer insecticide resistance in Drosophila melanogaster populations (2004) BMC Evol. Biol., 4, p. 4Mutero, A., Pralavorio, M., Bride, J.M., Fournier, D., Resistance-associated point mutations in insecticide insensitive acetylcholinesterase (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91, pp. 5922-5926Newcomb, R.D., Campbell, P.M., Russell, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G., CDNA Cloning baculovirus-expression and kinetic properties of the esterase E3, involved in organophosphorus resistance in Lucilia cuprina (1997) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 27, pp. 15-25Nielsen, H., Engelbrecht, J., Brunak, S., von Heijne, G., Identification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal peptides and prediction of their cleavage sites (1997) Protein Eng., 10, pp. 1-6Robinson, A.S., Vreysen, M.J.B., Hendrichs, J., Feldmann, U., Enabling technologies to improve area-wide integrated pest management programmes for the control of screwworms (2009) Med. Vet. Entomol., 23 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 1-7Rosenberry, T.L., Acetylcholinesterase (1975) Adv. Enzymol., 43, pp. 103-218Silva, N.M., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Investigation of mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in populations of the New World Screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2009) Genet. Mol. Res., 8, pp. 1067-1078Sunyaev, S.R., Eisenhaber, F., Rodchenkov, I.B., Eisenhaber, B., Tumanyan, V.G., Kuznetsov, E.N., Prediction of potential GPI-modification sites in protein sequences (1999) Protein Eng., 12, pp. 387-394Schumacher, M., Camp, S., Maulet, Y., Newton, M., MacPhee-Quigley, K., Taylor, S.S., Friedmann, T., Taylor, P., Primary structure of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase deduced from its cDNA sequence (1986) Nature, 319 (6052), pp. 407-409Temeyer, K.B., Chen, A.C., Identification and characterization of a cDNA encoding the acetylcholinesterase of Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) (2007) DNA Seq., 18, pp. 9-85Temeyer, K.B., Li, A.Y., Lohmeyer, K.H., Chen, A.C., Olafson, P.U., Sanson, D.W., Foil, L.D., Acetylcholinesterase mutation in diazinon-resistant Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) (2008) Vet. Parasitol., 154, pp. 300-310Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., Higgins, D.G., The CustalX Windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools (1997) Nucleic Acids Res., 24, pp. 4876-4882Walsh, S.B., Dolden, T.A., Moores, G.D., Kristensen, M., Lewis, T., Devonshire, A.L., Williamson, M.S., Identification and characterization of mutations in housefly (Musca domestica) acetylcholinesterase involved in insecticide resistance (2001) Biochem. J., 359, pp. 175-181Weill, M., Fort, P., Berthomieu, A., A novel acetylcholinesterase gene in mosquitoes codes for the insecticide target and is non-homologous to the ace gene in Drosophila (2002) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B, 269, pp. 2007-2016Veríssimo, C.J., (2003), Death of ruminants because of ear infection consequent to screwworm. Comunicação científica - Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, v.70(2), 187-189Vontas, J.G., Hejazi, M.J., Hawkes, N.J., Cosmidis, N., Loukas, M., Hemingway, J., Resistance-associated point mutations of organophosphate insensitive acetylcholinesterase, in the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (2002) Insect Mol. Biol., 11, pp. 329-33

Development Of Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers For The Human Botfly, Dermatobia Hominis (diptera: Oestridae)

In this report, we describe the development of 17 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the human botfly, Dermatobia hominis, an obligatory parasite of mammals of great veterinary importance in Latin America. The number of alleles ranged from 5 to 21 per locus, with a mean of 12.2 alleles per locus. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.2571 to 0.9206 and from 0.2984 to 0.9291 in two populations from Brazil. These markers should provide a high resolution tool for assessment of the fine-scale genetic structure of natural populations of the human botfly. © 2009 The Authors.91409411Brookfield, J.F.Y., A simple new method for estimating null allele frequency from heterozygote deficiency (1996) Molecular Ecology, 5, pp. 453-455Edwards, K.J., Barker, J.H.A., Daly, A., Jones, C., Karp, A., Microsatellite libraries enriched for several microsatellite sequences in plants (1996) BioTechniques, 20, pp. 758-759Guimarães, J.H., Papavero, N.A., A tentative annotated bibliography of Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr., 1781) (Diptera: Cuterebridae) (1966) Arquivos de Zoologia, 14, pp. 223-294Raymond, M., Rousset, F., GenePop (version 1.2): Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism (1995) Journal of Heredity, 86, pp. 248-249Rice, W.R., Analyzing tables of statistical tests (1989) Evolution, 43, pp. 223-225Rozen, S., Skaletsky, H.J., (1998) Primer3, , http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/genome_software/other/primer3.html, Code available AtSancho, E., Dermatobia, the Neotropical warble fly (1998) Parasitology Today, 4, pp. 242-246Torres, T.T., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Development of new polymorphic microsatellite markers for the New World screw-worm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2005) Molecular Ecology Notes, 5, pp. 815-818Van Oosterhout, C., Hutchinson, W.F., Wills, D.P., Shipley, P., Micro-Checker: Software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data (2004) Molecular Ecology Notes, 4, pp. 535-53

Isolation And Characterization Of Polymorphic Microsatellite Loci For The Horn Fly, Haematobia Irritans (l.) (diptera: Muscidae)

The horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), is a cosmopolitan livestock pest that has caused a great negative impact on the animal production sector throughout the world. Here, we describe 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from H. irritans. The number of alleles found ranged from two to eight per locus and the expected heterozygosity from 0.1421 to 0.7702. These loci are potentially useful for the fine-scale genetic characterization of horn fly populations and provide fundamental information for pest management and planning of control programs. © 2008 The Authors.85971973Byford, R.L., Craig, M.E., Derouen, S.M., Al, E., Influence of permethrin, diazinon and ivermectin treatments on insecticide resistance in the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) (1999) International Journal of Parasitology, 29 (1), pp. 125-135Castiglioni, L., De Campos Bicudo, H.E., Molecular characterization and relatedness of Haematobia irritans (horn fly) populations, by RAPD-PCR (2005) Genetica, 124 (1), pp. 11-21Infante-Vargas, M.E., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Genetic variability in mitochondrial DNA of screwworm, Cochiomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from Brazil (1995) Biochemical Genetics, 33, pp. 737-756Oliveira, M.T., De Azeredo-Espin, A.M., Lessinger, A.C., Evolutionary and structural analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from Haematobia irritans, Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) mitochondrial DNA (2005) DNA Sequence, 16 (2), pp. 156-160Oliveira, M.T., Da Rosa, A.C., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Lessinger, A.C., Improving access to the control region and tRNA gene clusters of Dipteran mitochondrial DNA. (2006) Journal of Medical Entomology, 43 (3), pp. 636-639Oliveira, M.T., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Lessinger, A.C., The Mitochondrial DNA Control Region of Muscidae Flies: Evolution and Structural Conservation in a Dipteran Context. (2007) Journal of Molecular Evolution, 64 (3), pp. 519-527Raymond, M., Rousset, F., Genepop (version 1.2): Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism (1995) Journal of Heredity, 86 (3), pp. 248-249Rice, W.R., Analyzing tables of statistical tests (1989) Evolution, 43, pp. 223-225Rozen, S., Skaletsky, H.J., (1998) Primer 3, , http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer3/primer3_www.cgi, Code available atSambrook, J., Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E.F., (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, , 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New YorkTorres, T.T., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Development of new polymorphic microsatellite markers for the New World screw-worm Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2005) Molecular Ecology Notes, 5, pp. 815-81