7 research outputs found
Discovery of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Attachment Inhibitor Temsavir and Its Phosphonooxymethyl Prodrug Fostemsavir
The optimization
of the 4-methoxy-6-azaindole series of HIV-1 attachment
inhibitors (AIs) that originated with <b>1</b> to deliver temsavir
(<b>3</b>, BMS-626529) is described. The most beneficial increases
in potency and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties were attained by incorporating
N-linked, sp<sup>2</sup>-hybridized heteroaryl rings at the 7-position
of the heterocyclic nucleus. Compounds that adhered to a coplanarity
model afforded targeted antiviral potency, leading to the identification
of <b>3</b> with characteristics that provided for targeted
exposure and PK properties in three preclinical species. However,
the physical properties of <b>3</b> limited plasma exposure
at higher doses, both in preclinical studies and in clinical trials
as the result of dissolution- and/or solubility-limited absorption,
a deficiency addressed by the preparation of the phosphonoÂoxymethyl
prodrug <b>4</b> (BMS-663068, fostemsavir). An extended-release
formulation of <b>4</b> is currently in phase III clinical trials
where it has shown promise as part of a drug combination therapy in
highly treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected patients
Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Attachment. 12. Structure–Activity Relationships Associated with 4‑Fluoro-6-azaindole Derivatives Leading to the Identification of 1‑(4-Benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-fluoro-7-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl‑1<i>H</i>‑pyrrolo[2,3‑<i>c</i>]pyridin-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione (BMS-585248)
A series of highly potent HIV-1 attachment inhibitors
with 4-fluoro-6-azaindole core heterocycles that target the viral
envelope protein gp120 has been prepared. Substitution in the 7-position
of the azaindole core with amides (<b>12a</b>,<b>b</b>), C-linked heterocycles (<b>12c</b>–<b>l</b>),
and N-linked heterocycles (<b>12m</b>–<b>u</b>)
provided compounds with subnanomolar potency in a pseudotype infectivity
assay and good pharmacokinetic profiles in vivo. A predictive model was developed from the initial SAR in which the
potency of the analogues correlated with the ability of the substituent
in the 7-position of the azaindole to adopt a coplanar conformation
by either forming internal hydrogen bonds or avoiding repulsive substitution
patterns. 1-(4-Benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-fluoro-7-[1,2,3]Âtriazol-1-yl-1<i>H</i>-pyrroloÂ[2,3-<i>c</i>]Âpyridin-3-yl)Âethane-1,2-dione
(BMS-585248, <b>12m</b>) exhibited much improved in vitro potency
and pharmacokinetic properties than the previous clinical candidate
BMS-488043 (<b>1</b>). The predicted low clearance in humans,
modest protein binding, and good potency in the presence of 40% human
serum for <b>12m</b> led to its selection for human clinical
studies
Potent Long-Acting Inhibitors Targeting the HIV‑1 Capsid Based on a Versatile Quinazolin-4-one Scaffold
Long-acting
(LA) human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) antiretroviral
therapy characterized by a ≥1 month dosing interval offers
significant advantages over daily oral therapy. However, the criteria
for compounds that enter clinical development are high. Exceptional
potency and low plasma clearance are required to meet dose size requirements;
excellent chemical stability and/or crystalline form stability is
required to meet formulation requirements, and new antivirals in HIV-1
therapy need to be largely free of side effects and drug–drug
interactions. In view of these challenges, the discovery that capsid
inhibitors comprising a quinazolinone core tolerate a wide range of
structural modifications while maintaining picomolar potency against
HIV-1 infection in vitro, are assembled efficiently
in a multi-component reaction, and can be isolated in a stereochemically
pure form is reported herein. The detailed characterization of a prototypical
compound, GSK878, is presented, including an X-ray co-crystal structure
and subcutaneous and intramuscular pharmacokinetic data in rats and
dogs
Potent Long-Acting Inhibitors Targeting the HIV‑1 Capsid Based on a Versatile Quinazolin-4-one Scaffold
Long-acting
(LA) human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) antiretroviral
therapy characterized by a ≥1 month dosing interval offers
significant advantages over daily oral therapy. However, the criteria
for compounds that enter clinical development are high. Exceptional
potency and low plasma clearance are required to meet dose size requirements;
excellent chemical stability and/or crystalline form stability is
required to meet formulation requirements, and new antivirals in HIV-1
therapy need to be largely free of side effects and drug–drug
interactions. In view of these challenges, the discovery that capsid
inhibitors comprising a quinazolinone core tolerate a wide range of
structural modifications while maintaining picomolar potency against
HIV-1 infection in vitro, are assembled efficiently
in a multi-component reaction, and can be isolated in a stereochemically
pure form is reported herein. The detailed characterization of a prototypical
compound, GSK878, is presented, including an X-ray co-crystal structure
and subcutaneous and intramuscular pharmacokinetic data in rats and
dogs
Discovery of BMS-955176, a Second Generation HIV‑1 Maturation Inhibitor with Broad Spectrum Antiviral Activity
HIV-1
maturation inhibition (MI) has been clinically validated
as an approach to the control of HIV-1 infection. However, identifying
an MI with both broad polymorphic spectrum coverage and good oral
exposure has been challenging. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis,
and preclinical characterization of a potent, orally active, second
generation HIV-1 MI, BMS-955176 (<b>2</b>), which is currently
in Phase IIb clinical trials as part of a combination antiretroviral
regimen
Design, Synthesis, and SAR of C‑3 Benzoic Acid, C‑17 Triterpenoid Derivatives. Identification of the HIV‑1 Maturation Inhibitor 4‑((1<i>R</i>,3a<i>S</i>,5a<i>R</i>,5b<i>R</i>,7a<i>R</i>,11a<i>S</i>,11b<i>R</i>,13a<i>R</i>,13b<i>R</i>)‑3a-((2-(1,1-Dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-2,3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a,13b-octadecahydro‑1<i>H</i>‑cyclopenta[<i>a</i>]chrysen-9-yl)benzoic Acid (GSK3532795, BMS-955176)
GSK3532795, formerly
known as BMS-955176 (<b>1</b>), is a
potent, orally active, second-generation HIV-1 maturation inhibitor
(MI) that advanced through phase IIb clinical trials. The careful
design, selection, and evaluation of substituents appended to the
C-3 and C-17 positions of the natural product betulinic acid (<b>3</b>) was critical in attaining a molecule with the desired virological
and pharmacokinetic profile. Herein, we highlight the key insights
made in the discovery program and detail the evolution of the structure–activity
relationships (SARs) that led to the design of the specific C-17 amine
moiety in <b>1</b>. These modifications ultimately enabled the
discovery of <b>1</b> as a second-generation MI that combines
broad coverage of polymorphic viruses (EC<sub>50</sub> <15 nM toward
a panel of common polymorphisms representative of 96.5% HIV-1 subtype
B virus) with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in preclinical species
Discovery and Preclinical Characterization of the Cyclopropylindolobenzazepine BMS-791325, A Potent Allosteric Inhibitor of the Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Polymerase
Described herein are structure–activity
relationship studies
that resulted in the optimization of the activity of members of a
class of cyclopropyl-fused indolobenzazepine HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors.
Subsequent iterations of analogue design and syntheses successfully
addressed off-target activities, most notably human pregnane X receptor
(hPXR) transactivation, and led to significant improvements in the
physicochemical properties of lead compounds. Those analogues exhibiting
improved solubility and membrane permeability were shown to have notably
enhanced pharmacokinetic profiles. Additionally, a series of alkyl
bridged piperazine carboxamides was identified as being of particular
interest, and from which the compound BMS-791325 (<b>2</b>)
was found to have distinguishing antiviral, safety, and pharmacokinetic
properties that resulted in its selection for clinical evaluation