16 research outputs found
Stereochemical Control of Nonamphiphilic Lyotropic Liquid Crystals: Chiral Nematic Phase of Assemblies Separated by Six Nanometers of Aqueous Solvents
Unlike conventional thermotropic
and lyotropic liquid crystals,
nonamphiphilic lyotropic liquid crystals consist of hydrated assemblies
of nonamphiphilic molecules that are aligned with a separation of
about 6 nm between assemblies in an aqueous environment. This separation
raises the question of how chirality, either from chiral mesogens
or chiral dopants, would impact the phase as the assemblies that need
to interact with each other are about 6 nm apart. Here, we report
the synthesis of three stereoisomers of disodium chromonyl carboxylate,
5â˛DSCG-diviol, and the correlation between the molecular structure,
bulk assembly, and liquid crystal formation. We observed that the
chiral isomers (enantiomers 5â˛DSCG-(<i>R,R</i>)-diviol
and 5â˛DSCG-(<i>S,S</i>)-diviol) formed liquid crystals
while the achiral isomer 5â˛DSCG-<i>meso</i>-diviol
did not. Circular dichroism indicated a chiral conformation with bisignate
cotton effect. The nuclear Overhauser effect in proton NMR spectroscopy
revealed conformations that are responsible for liquid crystal formation.
Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy showed that chiral 5â˛DSCG-diviols
form assemblies with crossings. Interestingly, only planar alignment
of the chiral nematic phase was observed in liquid crystal cells with
thin spacers. The homeotropic alignment that permitted a fingerprint
texture was obtained only when the thickness of the liquid crystal
cell was increase to above âź500 Îźm. These studies suggest
that hydrated assemblies of chiral 5â˛DSCG-diviol can interact
with each other across a 6 nm separation in an aqueous environment
by having a twist angle of about 0.22° throughout the sample
between the neighboring assemblies
Antimicrobial susceptibility of <i>Plesiomonas shigelloides</i>.
a<p>R, resistant; I, intermediate; S, susceptible.</p
Phylogenetic analysis of the partial capsids of the NoV strains.
<p>The phylogenetic trees were constructed by the maximum likelihood model method. The results are shown for the GI (A) and GII (B) genotypes. â, represents the GI genotypes in this study; â˛, represents the GII genotypes in this study.</p
Detection of norovirus with GI and GII genotypes in outpatient children with acute diarrhea.
<p><sup>a</sup> GI cases vs. GII cases.</p><p><sup>b</sup> Male cases vs. female cases.</p><p>Detection of norovirus with GI and GII genotypes in outpatient children with acute diarrhea.</p
Comparison of clinical manifestations of outpatients between NoV infections and no-NoV infection.
<p>The values are presented as the mean Âą standard deviation (SD). Additionally, the referenced denominator of children evaluated for WBC, leukocyte and neutrophil counts were 4.0â12.0, 2.0â7.2 and 1.5â6.0 (Ă10<sup>9</sup>/L), respectively.</p><p>Comparison of clinical manifestations of outpatients between NoV infections and no-NoV infection.</p
Drugs administered to 147 patients with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection.
<p>Drugs administered to 147 patients with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection.</p
Age distribution (months) of outpatient children with acute diarrhea caused by norovirus infections.
<p>Age distribution (months) of outpatient children with acute diarrhea caused by norovirus infections.</p
Symptoms of <i>Plesiomonas shigelloides</i> infection with acute diarrhea.
<p>Symptoms of <i>Plesiomonas shigelloides</i> infection with acute diarrhea.</p
Demographic characteristics of patients with <i>Plesiomonas shigelloides</i> infection and acute diarrhea.
<p>Demographic characteristics of patients with <i>Plesiomonas shigelloides</i> infection and acute diarrhea.</p
Clinical characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection.
<p>Clinical characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection.</p