Complete mitochondrial genomes reveal the phylogenetic relationships of Duoma with eight representative sheep breeds and two ovis species

The Ovis aries Duoma breed is one of the most important alpine grassland-type sheep breeds in China. In this current study, we first reported the complete mitochondrial genome of Duoma sheep. Mitochondrial genome is 16,618 bp in length and exhibits the same typical structure as the other published sheep breeds. The genome contains 37 genes (22 tRNA, two rRNA, and 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs)) and a control region (D-loop region). Phylogenetic analysis shows that the Duoma sheep breed is closer to Ganjia sheep. Our findings will help the further evolution and conservation studies of Duoma sheep

Transcriptome Reveals 1400-Fold Upregulation of APOA4-APOC3 and 1100-Fold Downregulation of GIF in the Patients with Polycythemia-Induced Gastric Injury.

High-altitude polycythemia (HAPC) inducing gastric mucosal lesion (GML) is still out of control and molecular mechanisms remain widely unknown. To address the issues, endoscopy and histopathological analyses were performed. Meanwhile, microarray-based transcriptome profiling was conducted in the gastric mucosa from 3 pairs of healthy subjects and HAPC-induced GML patients. HAPC caused morphological changes and pathological damages of the gastric mucosa of GML patients. A total of 10304 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 4941 up-regulated and 5363 down-regulated DEGs in gastric mucosa of GML patients compared with healthy controls (fold change ≥2, P<0.01 and FDR <0.01). Particularly, apolipoprotein genes APOA4 and APOC3 were 1473-fold and 1468-fold up-regulated in GML patients compared with the controls. In contrast, gastric intrinsic factor (GIF) was 1102-fold down-regulated in GML patients compared with the controls. APOA4 (chr11:116691770-116691711), APOC3 (chr11:116703530-116703589) and GIF (chr11:59603362-59603303) genes are all located on chromosome 11. APOA4 and APOC3 act as an inhibitor of gastric acid secretion while gastric acid promotes ulceration. GIF deficiency activates a program of acute anemia, which may antagonize polycythemia while polycythemia raises the risk of GML. Therefore, the present findings reveal that HAPC-induced GML inspires the protection responses by up-regulating APOA4 and APOC3, and down-regulating GIF. These results may offer the basic information for the treatment of HAPC-induced gastric lesion in the future

Pathway analysis of DEG.

<p>A: The bar plot showed the top ten up-regulated Enrichment Score values of the significant enrichment pathway; B: The bar plot showed the top ten down-regulated Enrichment Score value of the significant enrichment pathway.</p

Highly TOP down-regulated genes in GML patients in comparison with controls.

<p>Highly TOP down-regulated genes in GML patients in comparison with controls.</p

Validating microarray results using qRT-PCR.

<p>A, the top-4 up-regulated DEGs. B, the top-4 down-regulated DEGs. The results represented quantification of mRNA levels relative to β-actin. Normalized expression values were obtained by qRT-PCR (n = 3). C = Controls, P = GML patients.</p

Histopathological examination of gastric mucosa sections.

<p>A, Hematoxylin-eosin stained results showed appearance of the gastric mucosa in antrum region of the control group and HAPC-induced GML group (× 40 and × 400); B, The gastric mucosal damage score in control and HAPC-induced GML group. The mean scores were significantly higher in the HAPC-induced GML group when compared with a control group (P < 0.01, n = 3 per group).</p

Gene ontology (GO) analysis used for analysis of the altered genes.

<p>A, The bar plot showed the top ten up-regulated Enrichment Score values of the significant enrichment; B, The bar plot showed the top ten down-regulated Enrichment Score values of the significant enrichment BP.</p

Complete mitochondrial genomes reveal the phylogenetic relationships of Duoma with eight representative sheep breeds and two ovis species

The Ovis aries Duoma breed is one of the most important alpine grassland-type sheep breeds in China. In this current study, we first reported the complete mitochondrial genome of Duoma sheep. Mitochondrial genome is 16,618 bp in length and exhibits the same typical structure as the other published sheep breeds. The genome contains 37 genes (22 tRNA, two rRNA, and 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs)) and a control region (D-loop region). Phylogenetic analysis shows that the Duoma sheep breed is closer to Ganjia sheep. Our findings will help the further evolution and conservation studies of Duoma sheep.</p

Are medical record front page data suitable for risk adjustment in hospital performance measurement? Development and validation of a risk model of in-hospital mortality after acute myocardial infarction

Objectives To develop a model of in-hospital mortality using medical record front page (MRFP) data and assess its validity in case-mix standardisation by comparison with a model developed using the complete medical record data.Design A nationally representative retrospective study.Setting Representative hospitals in China, covering 161 hospitals in modelling cohort and 156 hospitals in validation cohort.Participants Representative patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction. 8370 patients in modelling cohort and 9704 patients in validation cohort.Primary outcome measures In-hospital mortality, which was defined explicitly as death that occurred during hospitalisation, and the hospital-level risk standardised mortality rate (RSMR).Results A total of 14 variables were included in the model predicting in-hospital mortality based on MRFP data, with the area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.78 among modelling cohort and 0.79 among validation cohort. The median of absolute difference between the hospital RSMR predicted by hierarchical generalised linear models established based on MRFP data and complete medical record data, which was built as ‘reference model’, was 0.08% (10th and 90th percentiles: −1.8% and 1.6%). In the regression model comparing the RSMR between two models, the slope and intercept of the regression equation is 0.90 and 0.007 in modelling cohort, while 0.85 and 0.010 in validation cohort, which indicated that the evaluation capability from two models were very similar.Conclusions The models based on MRFP data showed good discrimination and calibration capability, as well as similar risk prediction effect in comparison with the model based on complete medical record data, which proved that MRFP data could be suitable for risk adjustment in hospital performance measurement