Data extracted from the included studies in the meta-analysis for an association between toxoplasmosis and RA.

<p>Data extracted from the included studies in the meta-analysis for an association between toxoplasmosis and RA.</p

Forest plot of seroprevalence rates of toxoplasmosis in controls groups.

<p>* Patients under treatment.</p

Forest plot of seroprevalence rates of toxoplasmosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

<p>* Patients under treatment.</p

Sensitivity analysis for assessing the effect of each primary study on the total estimates.

<p>* Patients under treatment.</p

Toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan infection caused by an intracellular obligatory protozoan, <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>. Infection to this parasite in immunocompetent patients is usually asymptomatic, but today it is believed that the infection can be a risk factor for a variety of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is an autoimmune disease and the most common type of inflammatory arthritis that is a major cause of disability. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to address the association between RA and toxoplasmosis in light of the available research.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Based on the keywords, a systematic search of eight databases was conducted to retrieve the relevant English-language articles. Then, the studies were screened based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The random effect model was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) using forest plot with 95% confidence interval (CI).</p><p>Results</p><p>Overall, 4168 Individual, extracted from 9 articles were included for systematic review evaluation, with 1369 RA patients (46% positive toxoplasmosis) and 2799 individuals as controls (21% positive toxoplasmosis). Then, eight articles (10 datasets) were used for meta-analysis (1244 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 2799 controls). By random effect model, the combined OR was 3.30 (95% CI: 2.05 to 5.30) with P < 0.0001.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Although toxoplasmosis could be considered as a potential risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis, more and better quality studies are needed to determine the effect of <i>T. gondii</i> infection on induction or exacerbation of RA. Our study was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; code: CRD42017069384).</p></div

Baseline characteristics of the included studies in the systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between <i>T</i>. <i>gondii</i> infection and RA patients.

<p>Baseline characteristics of the included studies in the systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between <i>T</i>. <i>gondii</i> infection and RA patients.</p

Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries

The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1–4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5–8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children