[Review of] Constance Wall Holt. Welsh Women: An Annotated Bibliography of Women in Wales and Women of Welch Descent in America

To be a Welsh woman, it seems, was to be doubly doomed to obscurity. Not only were women a less-public sector of society, but there was Welshness to contend with. It has been a case of Bibliographic Ethnic Discrimination. Too often entries have read: Women, Welsh, See Women, English. And this occurs in spite of the fact that Welsh, being Celts, are a distinct group with their own language and culture, though they have long been subject to English rule

A three dimensional finite element model of wind effects upon higher harmonics of the internal tide.

A non-linear three dimensional unstructured grid model of the M2 tide in the shelf edge area off the west coast of Scotland is used to examine the spatial distribution of the M2 internal tide and its higher harmonics in the region. In addition the spatial variability of the tidally induced turbulent kinetic energy and associated mixing in the area are considered. Initial calculations involve only tidal forcing, although subsequent calculations are performed with up-welling and down-welling favourable winds in order to examine how these influence the tidal distribution (particularly the higher harmonics) and mixing in the region. Both short and long duration winds are used in these calculations. Tidal calculations show that there is significant small scale spatial variability particularly in the higher harmonics of the internal tide in the region. In addition turbulence energy and mixing exhibit appreciable spatial variability in regions of rapidly changing topography, with increased mixing occurring above seamounts. Wind effects significantly change the distribution of the M2 internal tide and its higher harmonics, with appreciable differences found between up- and down-welling winds, and long and short duration winds due to differences in mixing and the presence of wind induced flows. The implications for model validation, particularly in terms of energy transfer to higher harmonics, and mixing are briefly discussed

The long and winding road: Routine creation and replication in multi-site organizations

Prior research on organizational routines in the ‘capabilities’ literature has either studied how new routines are created during an exploratory process of variation and selection or how existing routines are replicated during a phase of exploitation. Few studies have analyzed the life cycle of new routine creation and replication as an integrated process. In an in-depth case study of England’s Highways Agency, this paper shows that the creation and replication of a new routine across multiple sites involves four sequential steps: envisioning, experimenting, entrenching and enacting. We contribute to the capabilities research in two ways: first, by showing how different organizational levels, capabilities and logics (cognitive and behavioural) shape the development of new routines; and second, by identifying how distinct evolutionary cycles of variation and selective retention occur during each step in the process. In contrast with prior research on replication as an exact copy of a template or existing routine, our study focuses on the replication of an entirely new routine (based on novel principles) that is adapted to fit local operational conditions during its large-scale replication across multiple sites. We draw upon insights from adjacent ‘practice research’ and suggest how capabilities and practice studies may complement each other in future research on the evolution of routines

Look right! A retrospective study of pedestrian accidents involving overseas visitors to London

Introduction: Research within the European Union has shown international visitors to have a higher injury mortality than residents. Traffic accidents are the leading cause of injury-related death among overseas visitors and evidence suggests overseas visitors are at a greater risk of being involved in road traffic accidents than the resident population. Little information looks specifically at pedestrian injuries to overseas visitors. Pedestrian deaths account for 21% of all UK road deaths. Methods: A retrospective database review of London helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) missions was undertaken to examine the number and type of missions to overseas visitors, specifically examining pedestrian incidents. Results: Of 121 missions to overseas visitors, 74 (61%) involved the visitor as a pedestrian struck by a vehicle. Thirty-five pedestrians (47%) were struck by a bus and 20 by a car (27%). Fourteen patients (19%) had an initial Glasgow coma scale score of 3–8, suggesting severe head injury and half of all patients required prehospital intubation (38/74, 51%). Mortality was 16% (12/74%) and 62 patients (84%) survived to hospital discharge. Of 39 patients admitted to the Royal London Hospital, the average injury severity score (ISS%) was 23.0 (ISS >15 denotes severe trauma) with a mean inpatient stay of 17.9 days. Conclusion: During the 7-year period studied, 61% of HEMS missions to overseas visitors involved a pedestrian being struck by a vehicle, compared with 16% of missions to UK residents. For HEMS missions, serious trauma to pedestrians is disproportionally more common among the visitor population to London

Autonomous Locomotion Mode Transition Simulation of a Track-legged Quadruped Robot Step Negotiation

Multi-modal locomotion (e.g. terrestrial, aerial, and aquatic) is gaining increasing interest in robotics research as it improves the robots environmental adaptability, locomotion versatility, and operational flexibility. Within the terrestrial multiple locomotion robots, the advantage of hybrid robots stems from their multiple (two or more) locomotion modes, among which robots can select from depending on the encountering terrain conditions. However, there are many challenges in improving the autonomy of the locomotion mode transition between their multiple locomotion modes. This work proposed a method to realize an autonomous locomotion mode transition of a track-legged quadruped robot steps negotiation. The autonomy of the decision-making process was realized by the proposed criterion to comparing energy performances of the rolling and walking locomotion modes. Two climbing gaits were proposed to achieve smooth steps negotiation behaviours for energy evaluation purposes. Simulations showed autonomous locomotion mode transitions were realized for negotiations of steps with different height. The proposed method is generic enough to be utilized to other hybrid robots after some pre-studies of their locomotion energy performances

Deep-sea coral distribution on seamounts, oceanic islands, and continental slopes in the Northeast Atlantic

A database of deep-water (\u3e 200 m) antipatharians, scleractinians, and gorgonians has been assembled for the NE Atlantic to determine what their distribution and diversity was before coral habitats became heavily impacted by bottom fishing gear. Benthic sampling expeditions from 1868–1985 have provided 2547 records showing the deepwater distribution of 22 species of antipatharians, 68 species of scleractinians, and 83 species of gorgonians with the majority of records found from seamounts, oceanic islands, and the continental slope of the warm temperate region. Too little is known about the coral biota of boreal and tropical seamounts to assess their levels of endemism, but on seamounts in the warm temperate region of the NE Atlantic the level endemism in antipatharian, scleractinian and gorgonian corals is low (\u3c 3%). Many of the species found on seamounts are characteristic of oceanic islands in this region and the oceanic islands have a significantly different coral fauna to that recorded at the same depths on the continental slope. Given the key role that corals can play in structuring deep-sea habitats it is hoped that our database will help inform the development of a network of marine protected areas to provide long-term protection for the differing communities found on continental slopes and isolated offshore habitats

On eigenfunction approximations for typical non-self-adjoint Schroedinger operators

We construct efficient approximations for the eigenfunctions of non-self-adjoint Schroedinger operators in one dimension. The same ideas also apply to the study of resonances of self-adjoint Schroedinger operators which have dilation analytic potentials. In spite of the fact that such eigenfunctions can have surprisingly complicated structures with multiple local maxima, we show that a suitable adaptation of the JWKB method is able to provide accurate lobal approximations to them.Comment: 17 pages, 11 figure