Regression coefficients and CIs for the difference in the mean waist circumference between 1988–94 and each subsequent survey cycle.

<p>Estimates were based on a regression model that included survey as a categorical level with 1988–94 as the reference category. The open triangles are estimates from models that included race and age, while the black circles are estimates from models that included BMI as an additional predictor. Age and BMI were modeled using natural splines with 3 knots. The 95% CIs for each estimate are also shown.</p

Regression coefficients showing the difference in mean waist circumference between 1988–94 and each subsequent survey by sex (boys, top row) and race-ethnicity (columns).

<p>The open triangles represent estimates that are adjusted only for age, and the black circles are estimates from models that adjust for both age and BMI.</p

Mean levels (or prevalence) of various measures of body size among 6- to 19-year-olds from 1988–94 through 2011–12.

<p>^<b>a</b> Values are mean ± SE or prevalence (95% CI)</p><p>^<b>b</b> Based on a BMI-for-age ≥ 95th percentile of the 2000 CDC Growth Charts (reference #31) or a BMI≥ 30 kg/m²</p><p>Mean levels (or prevalence) of various measures of body size among 6- to 19-year-olds from 1988–94 through 2011–12.</p

Change in waist circumference (cm) among 6- to 19-year-olds.

<p>^<b>a</b> Both models (without and with BMI as a covariate) control for race and age</p><p>^<b>b</b> Linear trends estimates are change in waist circumference per 10 years for the period starting in either 1988–94 or in 1999–2000 and ending in 2011–12. 95% CIs are shown in parentheses.</p><p>^<b>c</b> Categorical estimates of waist circumference represent the difference in waist circumference between levels in 1988–94 or 1999–2000 and levels in 2011–12. 95% CIs are shown in parentheses.</p><p>Change in waist circumference (cm) among 6- to 19-year-olds.</p

Mean levels of waist circumference, WHtR, BMI-for-age z-score and obesity among 6- to 19-year-olds from 1988–94 through 2011–12.

<p>Boys are represented by the solid, grey line.</p

Probability of prevalent dysglycemia estimated by continuous sagittal abdominal diameter, waist circumference or body mass index.

<p><i>In these age-adjusted plots prepared by restricted cubic splines, the horizontal lines represent the interquartile range (p25 to p75) in the sex-specific population distributions of each adiposity indicator</i>.</p

Areas under the curve (AUCs) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) for identification of dysglycemia by an adiposity indicator adjusted for age; comparisons of SAD with WC or BMI.

<p>* Model includes adjustment for sex.</p><p>NS, p>0.10.</p><p>Areas under the curve (AUCs) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) for identification of dysglycemia by an adiposity indicator adjusted for age; comparisons of SAD with WC or BMI.</p

A High-Throughput Method to Examine Protein-Nucleotide Interactions Identifies Targets of the Bacterial Transcriptional Regulatory Protein Fur

<div><p>The <u>F</u>erric <u>u</u>ptake <u>r</u>egulatory protein (Fur) is a transcriptional regulatory protein that functions to control gene transcription in response to iron in a number of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we applied a label-free, quantitative and high-throughput analysis method, <u>I</u>nterferometric <u>R</u>eflectance <u>I</u>maging <u>S</u>ensor (IRIS), to rapidly characterize Fur-DNA interactions <i>in vitro</i> with predicted Fur binding sequences in the genome of <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>, the causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea. IRIS can easily be applied to examine multiple protein-protein, protein-nucleotide and nucleotide-nucleotide complexes simultaneously and demonstrated here that seventy percent of the predicted Fur boxes in promoter regions of iron-induced genes bound to Fur <i>in vitro</i> with a range of affinities as observed using this microarray screening technology. Combining binding data with mRNA expression levels in a gonococcal <i>fur</i> mutant strain allowed us to identify five new gonococcal genes under Fur-mediated direct regulation.</p></div

Transcriptional regulation patterns of genes determined by quantitative real-time PCR.

<p>The RNA samples were purified from cultures of the wild-type (WT) and <i>fur</i> mutant and <i>fur</i> complemented strains under iron-replete (+Fe, grey bars) or iron-deplete (-Fe, white bars) conditions 1 h after addition of 100 µM iron or 150 µM desferal. The mRNA levels of <i>fbpA</i> and <i>norB</i>, genes that were repressed and activated by iron-bound Fur respectively, were used as controls for iron and Fur regulation in <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i>. The mRNA levels observed for the five conditions (WT strain under −Fe conditions, <i>fur</i> mutant strain under +Fe and −Fe conditions, and <i>fur</i> complemented strain under +Fe and −Fe conditions) were compared to the value of WT strain under +Fe conditions. The final results were represented as mean ± standard deviation. A * indicates significantly different compared to the mRNA level of WT+Fe. A ** indicates significantly different compared to the mRNA level of WT-Fe. The gene designations of <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i> F62 were assigned according to their homologues in <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i> FA1090.</p

Schematic depicting Fur mediated control mechanisms in <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i> as revealed by IRIS.

<p>Solid lines with arrowheads indicate direct activation of transcription via Fur binding to promoter regions of gonococcal genes. Solid lines with bars indicate direct repression of transcription via binding of Fur to promoter regions of gonococcal genes. Ellipsoids indicate transcriptional regulatory proteins other than Fur. Transcriptional repression of NGO0641, encoding a methyltransferase (triangle), results in alteration of DNA methylation (*) and subsequently alters transcription of a subset of genes. Transcriptional repression of NGO0155, encoding a putative transcriptional regulator, results in alteration of transcription of NGO0155 target genes. A subset of genes contain a Fur box in their putative promoter regions but were not regulated by Fur under the used growth conditions in this study are termed silent Fur binding.</p