Retrofitting urban drainage infrastructure: green or grey?

This paper explores the approaches that London, Glasgow, Washington DC and Philadelphia have taken in responding to urban stormwater and combined sewer overflows challenges. In brief, London has begun construction of a large interceptor tunnel with relatively little attention yet paid to green infrastructure, Philadelphia is pursuing green infrastructure based approaches, and Washington DC and Glasgow are implementing a combination of solutions. The cases illustrate that a diversity of responses are emerging to a common environmental problem in cities around the world

The process of transfer: The micro-influences of power, time and learning

International audienceTo date there have been a number of studies that have examined how policies move from one jurisdiction to another. However, few of these have examined the micro- interactive effects of actors, necessary to understand how actors shape outcomes over time. The aim of this paper is to engage with this micro-level literature through an empirical study of policy transfer in the field of architectural norms in hospital construction in post-soviet states. To do this we generate several theoretical assumptions that will link the transfer literature to wider debates in the governance framework. The goal will be to discover how the power of actors interacts in the policymaking processes to influence outcomes over time and in light of learning. What we hope to do is bring the interactive and dynamic effects that occur between agents attempting to shape the transfer process back into the transfer picture. The aim is to show that power flows over time and that these flows alter the shape and outcome of the transfer process