Image3_Faunal exploitation during the Proto-Zhou period in the Jing River Valley: Evidence from Sunjia and Xitou.TIF

This study examines faunal assemblages from the Proto-Zhou sites of Sunjia and Xitou, in the Jing River Valley (Central Shaanxi Province), to address questions concerning the exploitation of different animal resources in the context of the Shang-Zhou dynastic transition in the 11th century BCE. Although the assemblages from Sunjia and Xitou were small and sub-optimally preserved, this study demonstrates that the inclusion of such assemblages is essential to building upon our understanding of the human exploitation of animal resources. Our zooarchaeological analysis shows an increase in husbandry, with pig farming being complemented by extensive caprine and cattle herding. A diversified use of animal resources, and especially the larger number of bovids, could have been prompted by the need for a wider and more efficient exploitation of the immediate environment, in response to growing climatic deterioration, in addition to an increase in interactions with northern pastoral communities. Identified patterns of livestock biometry and relative taxonomic abundance show various degrees of agricultural engagement and a relatively complex livestock economy, suggesting the development of socio-economic complexity in the Jing River Valley in the late second millennium BCE.</p

Supplementary Tables from Ancient DNA evidence for the ecological globalization of cod fishing in medieval and post-medieval Europe

Supplementary Table S1, S2, S3 and S4 containing in-detail information and genomic assignments of the ancient samples of Atlantic cod from England (n = 32) and Spain (n=5) used in this study

Supplementary Figures from Ancient DNA evidence for the ecological globalization of cod fishing in medieval and post-medieval Europe

Supplementary Figure S1, S2 and S3 illustrating in-detail the results obtained in this study

Changes in mean size through time for <i>Ovis</i>, <i>Capra</i>, <i>Bos</i>, and <i>Sus</i> (based on LSI of breadth and depth measurements)(for data see Tables S3–6).

<p>Vertical lines represent standard deviations. Colors reflect geographic location of site (after <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099845#pone-0099845-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>). Values to the left of the vertical axis represent means for each region. Key sites are labeled (after <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099845#pone-0099845-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>).</p

Plots showing relationship between body size (mean LSI) and %juvenile (based on long bone fusion) for <i>Ovis</i>, <i>Capra</i>, <i>Bos</i>, and <i>Sus</i> (for data see Tables S3–6).

<p>Colors reflect geographic location of site (after <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099845#pone-0099845-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>). “W” indicates assemblages representing wild populations. Key sites are labeled (after <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099845#pone-0099845-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>). For <i>Capra</i>, dark blue marks represent Zagros sites Asiab, ZC Shanidar, and Shanidar Mousterian.</p

Map of Turkey showing the location of sites mentioned in this analysis.

<p>Arrows indicate potential routes for the spread of domestic animals outside of the Fertile Crescent. Dates indicate an approximation of the first appearance of domesticated sheep/goat (O/C), cattle (<i>Bos</i>), and pigs (<i>Sus</i>) in six regions of Turkey. Dotted lines indicate boundaries where the listed domestic animals were not part of initial Neolithic economies. Southeast Region (purple) = 1. Hasankeyf, 2. Körtik Tepe, 3. Hallan Çemi, 4. Çayönü Tepesi, 5. Cafer Höyük, 6. Nevalı Çori, 7. Göbekli Tepe, 8. Yeni Mahalle, 9. Mureybet; South Region (blue) = 10. Üçağızlı, 11.Domuztepe, 12.Direkli Cave, 13.Yumuktepe; Central Region (red) = 14. Köşk Höyük, 15. Aşıklı Höyük, 16. Musular, 17. Güvercinkayası, 18. Pınarbaşı, 19. Çatalhöyük, 20. Boncuklu; Lakes Region (orange) =  21. Suberde, 22. Erbaba, 23. Höyücek, 24. Bademağacı; West/Coast Region (yellow) =  25. Karain B, 26. Öküzini, 27. Çukuriçi, 28. Ulucak; Northwest Region (green) =  29. Orman Fidanlığı, 30. Barcın, 31. Menteşe, 32. Ilıpınar, 33. Pendik, 34. Fikirtepe, 35. Yenikapı, 36. Hoca Çesme.</p

Relative frequencies of OC (<i>Ovis aries/orientalis</i>+<i>Capra hircus/aegagrus</i>), <i>Bos taurus/primigenius</i>, and <i>Sus scrofa</i> in Neolithic assemblages (see Table S2 for data).

<p>Sites labeled and colored after <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099845#pone-0099845-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>. X's represent mean values for each region.</p