6 research outputs found
Synthesis and Evaluation of the Metabolites of AMG 221, a Clinical Candidate for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
All eight of the major active metabolites of (<i>S</i>)-2-((1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>,4<i>R</i>)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylamino)-5-isopropyl-5-methylthiazol-4(5<i>H</i>)-one (AMG 221, compound <b>1</b>), an inhibitor of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 that has entered the clinic for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, were synthetically prepared and confirmed by comparison with samples generated in liver microsomes. After further profiling, we determined that metabolite <b>2</b> was equipotent to <b>1</b> on human 11β-HSD1 and had lower in vivo clearance and higher bioavailability in rat and mouse. Compound <b>2</b> was advanced into a pharmacodynamic model in mouse where it inhibited adipose 11β-HSD1 activity
Small Molecule Disruptors of the Glucokinase–Glucokinase Regulatory Protein Interaction: 3. Structure–Activity Relationships within the Aryl Carbinol Region of the <i>N</i>‑Arylsulfonamido‑<i>N</i>′‑arylpiperazine Series
We have recently reported a novel
approach to increase cytosolic
glucokinase (GK) levels through the binding of a small molecule to
its endogenous inhibitor, glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP). These
initial investigations culminated in the identification of 2-(4-((2<i>S</i>)-4-((6-amino-3-pyridinyl)sulfonyl)-2-(1-propyn-1-yl)-1-piperazinyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol
(<b>1</b>, AMG-3969), a compound that effectively enhanced GK
translocation and reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic animals.
Herein we report the results of our expanded SAR investigations that
focused on modifications to the aryl carbinol group of this series.
Guided by the X-ray cocrystal structure of compound <b>1</b> bound to hGKRP, we identified several potent GK–GKRP disruptors
bearing a diverse set of functionalities in the aryl carbinol region.
Among them, sulfoximine and pyridinyl derivatives <b>24</b> and <b>29</b> possessed excellent potency as well as favorable PK properties.
When dosed orally in <i>db</i>/<i>db</i> mice,
both compounds significantly lowered fed blood glucose levels (up
to 58%)
Small Molecule Disruptors of the Glucokinase–Glucokinase Regulatory Protein Interaction: 1. Discovery of a Novel Tool Compound for in Vivo Proof-of-Concept
Small
molecule activators of glucokinase have shown robust efficacy
in both preclinical models and humans. However, overactivation of
glucokinase (GK) can cause excessive glucose turnover, leading to
hypoglycemia. To circumvent this adverse side effect, we chose to
modulate GK activity by targeting the endogenous inhibitor of GK,
glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP). Disrupting the GK-GKRP complex
results in an increase in the amount of unbound cytosolic GK without
altering the inherent kinetics of the enzyme. Herein we report the
identification of compounds that efficiently disrupt the GK-GKRP interaction
via a previously unknown binding pocket. Using a structure-based approach,
the potency of the initial hit was improved to provide <b>25</b> (AMG-1694). When dosed in ZDF rats, <b>25</b> showed both
a robust pharmacodynamic effect as well as a statistically significant
reduction in glucose. Additionally, hypoglycemia was not observed
in either the hyperglycemic or normal rats
Small Molecule Disruptors of the Glucokinase–Glucokinase Regulatory Protein Interaction: 2. Leveraging Structure-Based Drug Design to Identify Analogues with Improved Pharmacokinetic Profiles
In
the previous report, we described the
discovery and optimization of novel small molecule disruptors of the
GK-GKRP interaction culminating in the identification of <b>1</b> (AMG-1694). Although this analogue possessed excellent in vitro
potency and was a useful tool compound in initial proof-of-concept
experiments, high metabolic turnover limited its advancement. Guided
by a combination of metabolite identification and structure-based
design, we have successfully discovered a potent and metabolically
stable GK-GKRP disruptor (<b>27</b>, AMG-3969). When administered
to <i>db</i>/<i>db</i> mice, this compound demonstrated
a robust pharmacodynamic response (GK translocation) as well as statistically
significant dose-dependent reductions in fed blood glucose levels
Oxopyrido[2,3‑<i>d</i>]pyrimidines as Covalent L858R/T790M Mutant Selective Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors
In nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC),
the threonine<sup>790</sup>–methionine<sup>790</sup> (T790M)
point mutation of EGFR kinase
is one of the leading causes of acquired resistance to the first generation
tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as gefitinib and erlotinib.
Herein, we describe the optimization of a series of 7-oxopyrido[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidinyl-derived irreversible inhibitors of EGFR kinase.
This led to the discovery of compound <b>24</b> which potently
inhibits gefitinib-resistant EGFR<sup>L858R,T790M</sup> with 100-fold
selectivity over wild-type EGFR. Compound <b>24</b> displays
strong antiproliferative activity against the H1975 nonsmall cell
lung cancer cell line, the first line mutant HCC827 cell line, and
promising antitumor activity in an EGFR<sup>L858R,T790M</sup> driven
H1975 xenograft model sparing the side effects associated with the
inhibition of wild-type EGFR
Discovery and Structure-Guided Optimization of Diarylmethanesulfonamide Disrupters of Glucokinase–Glucokinase Regulatory Protein (GK–GKRP) Binding: Strategic Use of a N → S (n<sub>N</sub> → σ*<sub>S–X</sub>) Interaction for Conformational Constraint
The HTS-based discovery and structure-guided
optimization of a
novel series of GKRP-selective GK–GKRP disrupters are revealed.
Diarylmethanesulfonamide hit <b>6</b> (hGK–hGKRP
IC<sub>50</sub> = 1.2 μM) was optimized to lead compound <b>32</b> (AMG-0696; hGK–hGKRP IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.0038 μM).
A stabilizing interaction between a nitrogen atom lone pair and an
aromatic sulfur system (n<sub>N</sub> → σ*<sub>S–X</sub>) in <b>32</b> was exploited to conformationally constrain
a biaryl linkage and allow contact with key residues in GKRP. Lead
compound <b>32</b> was shown to induce GK translocation from
the nucleus to the cytoplasm in rats (IHC score = 0; 10 mg/kg po,
6 h) and blood glucose reduction in mice (POC = −45%; 100 mg/kg
po, 3 h). X-ray analyses of <b>32</b> and several precursors
bound to GKRP were also obtained. This novel disrupter of GK–GKRP
binding enables further exploration of GKRP as a potential therapeutic
target for type II diabetes and highlights the value of exploiting
unconventional nonbonded interactions in drug design