Phenotypical variants seen in pods and seeds of BC₁F₄ lines and BR1.

<p>A, D and E- Lines 53 P6, 48 P8 and 87 P2 showing small and constricted pods, and small and lighter seeds; B and C- Pods and seeds of BR1.</p

Introgression of wild alleles into the tetraploid peanut crop to improve water use efficiency, earliness and yield - Fig 6

<p>Climate data registered during assays in Lagoa Seca (A) and Campina Grande (B), PB, Brazil. S- sowing, B- blooming, BFP- beginning of pod formation, FPM- full pod maturation. Arrows mean periods of <i>Indian summer</i>.</p

Pearson correlation between physiological traits: Stomatal conductance (<i>g</i>_s), net photosynthetic rate (<i>P</i>_N), instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (<i>P</i>_N/<i>C</i>_i), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), transpiration rate (<i>E</i>), and intercellular CO₂ concentration (<i>C</i>_i) of peanut lines.

<p>Pearson correlation between physiological traits: Stomatal conductance (<i>g</i>_s), net photosynthetic rate (<i>P</i>_N), instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (<i>P</i>_N/<i>C</i>_i), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), transpiration rate (<i>E</i>), and intercellular CO₂ concentration (<i>C</i>_i) of peanut lines.</p

Introgression of wild alleles into the tetraploid peanut crop to improve water use efficiency, earliness and yield

<div><p>The introduction of genes from wild species is a practice little adopted by breeders for the improvement of commercial crops, although it represents an excellent opportunity to enrich the genetic basis and create new cultivars. In peanut, this practice is being increasingly adopted. In this study we present results of introgression of wild alleles from the wild species <i>Arachis duranensis</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>batizocoi</i> improving photosynthetic traits and yield in a set of lines derived from the cross of an induced allotetraploid and cultivated peanut with selection under water stress. The assays were carried out in greenhouse and field focusing on physiological and agronomic traits. A multivariate model (UPGMA) was adopted in order to classify drought tolerant lines. Several lines showed improved levels of tolerance, with values similar to or greater than the tolerant control. Two BC₁F₆ lines (53 P4 and 96 P9) were highlighted for good drought-related traits, earliness and pod yield, having better phenotypic profile to the drought tolerant elite commercial cultivar BR1. These lines are good candidates for the creation of peanut cultivars suitable for production in semiarid environments.</p></div

Gas exchange of peanut line clustered in G2 group.

<p>A- Stomatal conductance (<i>g</i>_s), B- transpiration rate (<i>E</i>), C- net photosynthetic rate (<i>P</i>_N), D- intercellular CO₂ concentration (<i>C</i>_i), E- instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (<i>P</i>_N/<i>C</i>_i), F- instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE). Dashed line is the estimated mean of 64 lines. BR1 and 55–437 (Controls).</p

Summary of the selection steps adopted in breeding of induced allotetraploid BatDur.

<p>Summary of the selection steps adopted in breeding of induced allotetraploid BatDur.</p

Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of peanut line clustered in G2 group.

<p>Dashed line is the estimated mean of 64 lines. BR1 and 55–437 (Controls).</p

Detail of BC₁F₆ advanced lines grown in field.

<p>A- Plant canopy, B- Pod production, C- seed pattern of 53 P4 (1), 96 P9 (2), and <i>A</i>. <i>hypogaea</i> BR1 (3).</p

Summary of combined- variance analyses of anthesis (A), number of pods/plant (NP/P), number of seeds/pod (NS/P) and yield of introgression lines grown in Lagoa Seca (LS) and Campina Grande (CG), Paraíba, Brazil, during rainy season.

<p>Summary of combined- variance analyses of anthesis (A), number of pods/plant (NP/P), number of seeds/pod (NS/P) and yield of introgression lines grown in Lagoa Seca (LS) and Campina Grande (CG), Paraíba, Brazil, during rainy season.</p

Comparison between the observed and expected numbers of heterozygous loci in the population. χ²: Chi-square goodness of fit test at 1 ddl.

<p>Comparison between the observed and expected numbers of heterozygous loci in the population. χ²: Chi-square goodness of fit test at 1 ddl.</p