Optimising the prescription of training for post-activation potentiation in rugby league players

Maximum lower-body muscular strength and power are key determinants of successful performance in rugby league (Baker & Newton, 2009; Johnston, Gabbett, & Jenkins, 2014). Due to large amounts of concurrent energy system training and the congested fixture schedule throughout the competitive season there is limited time available for strength training (McLellan, Lovell, & Gass, 2011; Moreira, Kempton, Aoki, Sirotic, & Coutts, 2015). Strength and conditioning coaches are therefore challenged to prescribe appropriate training modalities which aim to maintain highly developed levels of strength and power.Complex training is a mixed resistance training modality which aims to address strength and power during a single training session by alternating heavy resistance exercise, set for set, with explosive plyometric exercise (Docherty, Robbins, & Hodgson, 2004). This training modality is underpinned by post-activation potentiation (PAP) which refers to the acute augmentation of force and power production following a heavy load conditioning activity (Hodgson, Docherty, & Robbins, 2005; Tillin & Bishop, 2009). Since PAP and fatigue are simultaneously induced, an appropriate recovery interval is required to enhance explosive performance when the muscle has partially recovered from fatigue but is still potentiated (Docherty et al., 2004) which may limit its practical application.This thesis aimed to investigate methods of eliciting PAP at shorter recovery intervals to enhance its practical applicability for strength and conditioning coaches. The main aims of this thesis were:1. To determine any differences in the PAP response between the hex-bar deadlift (HBD) and back squat (BS) exercises and identify the optimal recovery interval required for PAP to manifest.2. To examine if moderately loaded HBD and BS exercises combined with accommodating resistance elicit PAP at shorter recovery intervals.3. To examine the difference in the magnitude of the PAP response between stronger, more experienced and weaker, less experienced athletes.4. To examine muscle activation as a result of the PAP response using surface electromyography.5. To investigate the chronic adaptations to muscle architecture and athletic performance following two complex training interventions over a 6-week mesocycle

Soluble pre-fibrillar tau and β-amyloid species emerge in early human Alzheimer’s disease and track disease progression and cognitive decline

Acknowledgments We would like to gratefully acknowledge all donors and their families for the tissue provided for this study. Human tissue samples were supplied by the Brains for Dementia Research programme, jointly funded by Alzheimer’s Research UK, the Alzheimer’s Society and the Medical Research Council, and sourced from the MRC London Neurodegenerative Diseases Brain Bank, the Manchester Brain Bank, the South West Dementia Brain Bank (SWDBB), the Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource and the Oxford Brain Bank. The Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource and Oxford Brain Bank are also supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Units. The South West Dementia Brain Bank (SWDBB) receives additional support from BRACE (Bristol Research into Alzheimer’s and Care of the Elderly). Alz-50, CP13, MC-1 and PHF-1 antibodies were gifted from Dr. Peter Davies and brain lystates from BACE1−/−mice were obtained from Prof Mike Ashford. The work presented here was funded by Alzheimer’s Research UK (Grant refs: ARUKPPG2014A-21 and ARUK-NSG2015-1 to BP and DK and NIH/NIA grants NIH/NINDS R01 NS082730 and R01 AG044372 to NK)Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Predicting System Success using the Technology Acceptance Model: A Case Study

Determining what makes an Information System (IS) successful is an ongoing concern for both researchers and practitioners alike. Arriving at an answer to this problem is compounded by the subjective nature of success and therefore trying to make judgements of what is and is not a success is problematic. Despite these difficulties system use has become more accepted as a measure of system success. Following this logic if a system is accepted it will have a higher likelihood of being used and therefore impact positively on success. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is one of the more widely accepted theoretical frameworks that has been used to measure system acceptance. This paper combines the TAM, as the theoretical framework, with case study research to provide a more holistic account of why a specific IS, an online assignment submission system, has become successful. Initial findings suggest that the TAM measures of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are effective predictors of systems success

Possibilities of population thinking : histories and futures of Population Geography through reflections on 50 years of the Royal Geographical Society (with Institute of British Geographers) Population Geography Research Group

Royal Geographical SocietyReflecting critically on 50 years of the Royal Geographical Society (with Institute of British Geographers) (RGS-IBG) Population Geography Research Group (PopGRG), and drawing on interviews with leading population geographers of the British Isles, this paper identifies defining features of Population Geography that attest to its longevity: personal connections and material production; fluidity and adaptability over time and through interdisciplinary contexts; and utility, vitality and relevance of the subdiscipline. We argue that continuation of care, material production and nimbleness can sustain the subdiscipline in the context of ongoing neoliberalisation across Higher Education. To remain vital, Population Geography must also decolonise and promote ‘population thinking’ to more boldly and critically attend to contemporary global challenges.Peer reviewe

Automated bolus advisor control and usability study (ABACUS): does use of an insulin bolus advisor improve glycaemic control in patients failing multiple daily insulin injection (MDI) therapy? [NCT01460446]

BACKGROUND: People with T1DM and insulin-treated T2DM often do not follow and/or adjust their insulin regimens as needed. Key contributors to treatment non-adherence are fear of hypoglycaemia, difficulty and lack of self-efficacy associated with insulin dose determination. Because manual calculation of insulin boluses is both complex and time consuming, people may rely on empirical estimates, which can result in persistent hypoglycaemia and/or hyperglycaemia. Use of automated bolus advisors (BA) has been shown to help insulin pump users to more accurately meet prandial insulin dosage requirements, improve postprandial glycaemic excursions, and achieve optimal glycaemic control with an increased time within optimal range. Use of a BA containing an early algorithm based on sliding scales for insulin dosing has also been shown to improve HbA1c levels in people treated with multiple daily insulin injections (MDI). We designed a study to determine if use of an automated BA can improve clinical and psychosocial outcomes in people treated with MDI. METHODS/DESIGN: The Automated Bolus Advisor Control and Usability Study (ABACUS) is a 6-month, prospective, randomised, multi-centre, multi-national trial to determine if automated BA use improves glycaemic control as measured by a change in HbA1c in people using MDI with elevated HbA1c levels (#62;7.5%). A total of 226 T1DM and T2DM participants will be recruited. Anticipated attrition of 20% will yield a sample size of 90 participants, which will provide #62;80% power to detect a mean difference of 0.5%, with SD of 0.9%, using a one-sided 5% t-test, with 5% significance level. Other measures of glycaemic control, self-care behaviours and psychosocial issues will also be assessed. DISCUSSION: It is critical that healthcare providers utilise available technologies that both facilitate effective glucose management and address concerns about safety and lifestyle. Automated BAs may help people using MDI to manage their diabetes more effectively and minimise the risk of long-term diabetes related complications. Findings from a recent study suggest that BA use positively addresses both safety and lifestyle concerns; however, randomised trials are needed to confirm these perceptions and determine whether bolus advisor use improves clinical outcomes. Our study is designed to make these assessments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT0146044

The PARP inhibitor AZD2461 provides insights into the role of PARP3 inhibition for both synthetic lethality and tolerability with chemotherapy in preclinical models

The PARP inhibitor AZD2461 was developed as a next-generation agent following olaparib, the first PARP inhibitor approved for cancer therapy. In BRCA1-deficient mouse models, olaparib resistance predominantly involves overexpression of P-glycoprotein,so AZD2461 was developed as a poor substrate for drug transporters. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of this compound against olaparib-resistant tumors that overexpress P-glycoprotein. In addition, AZD2461 was better tolerated in combination with chemotherapy than olaparib in mice, which suggests that AZD2461 could have significant advantages over olaparib in the clinic. However, this superior toxicity profile did not extend to rats. Investigations of this difference revealed a differential PARP3 inhibitory activity for each compound and a higher level of PARP3 expression in bone marrow cells from mice as compared with rats and humans. Our findings have implications for the use of mouse models to assess bone marrow toxicity for DNA-damaging agents and inhibitors of the DNA damage response. Finally, structural modeling of the PARP3-active site with different PARP inhibitors also highlights the potential to develop compounds with different PARP family member specificity profiles for optimal antitumor activity and tolerability

Uptake and Predictors of Anal Cancer Screening in Men Who Have Sex With Men

Objectives. We investigated attitudes about and acceptance of anal Papanicolaou (Pap) screening among men who have sex with men (MSM)

Deformability limits of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells

Splenic filtration of infected red blood cells (RBCs) may contribute to innate immunity and variable outcomes of malaria infections. We show that filterability of individual RBCs is well predicted by the minimum cylindrical diameter (MCD) which is calculated from a RBC's surface area and volume. The MCD describes the smallest diameter tube or smallest pore that a cell may fit through without increasing its surface area. A microfluidic device was developed to measure the MCD from thousands of individual infected RBCs (IRBCs) and uninfected RBCs (URBCs). Average MCD changes during the blood-stage cycle of Plasmodium falciparum were tracked for the cytoadherent strain ITG and the knobless strain Dd2. The MCD values for IRBCs and URBCs raise several new intriguing insights into how the spleen may remove IRBCs: some early-stage ring-IRBCs, and not just late-stage schizont-IRBCs, may be highly susceptible to filtration. In addition, knobby parasites may limit surface area expansions and thus confer high MCDs on IRBCs. Finally, URBCs, in culture with IRBCs, show higher surface area loss which makes them more susceptible to filtration than naive URBCs. These findings raise important basic questions about the variable pathology of malaria infections and metabolic process that affect volume and surface area of IRBCs