Henri Estienne and the problem of French-Italian code-switching in sixteenth-century France

It seems appropriate that Henri Estienne (1531-98), the great sixteenth-century humanist and hellenist, compiler of the monumental Thesaurus linguae graecae of 1572 and scholarly editor of numerous first editions of ancient Greek authors, should find a place in a volume devoted to the French language and questions of identity. In his vernacular writings, Estienne repeatedly claims that it is ‘l’honneur de la nation’ or ‘l’honneur de [la] patrie’ that has led him to assert the superiority of the French language over its rivals, notably Italian, and to seek to maintain its purity from foreign (primarily Italian) influence (Estienne 1579: fol. aiir; Estienne 1853: 44; Estienne 1972). Study of Estienne enables us to explore both the archaeology of French linguistic purism and the origins of much of the terminology that modern scholars continue to apply – largely unselfconsciously – to the description of linguistic borrowing

Estimation of the Health Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination with Enhanced Effectiveness in Canada

INTRODUCTION: The propensity for influenza viruses to mutate and recombine makes them both a familiar threat and a prototype emerging infectious disease. Emerging evidence suggests that the use of MF59-adjuvanted vaccines in older adults and young children enhances protection against influenza infection and reduces adverse influenza-attributable outcomes compared to unadjuvanted vaccines. The health and economic impact of such vaccines in the Canadian population are uncertain. METHODS: We constructed an age-structured compartmental model simulating the transmission of influenza in the Canadian population over a ten-year period. We compared projected health outcomes (quality-adjusted life years (QALY) lost), costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for three strategies: (i) current use of unadjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine; (ii) use of MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine adults ≥65 in the Canadian population, and (iii) adjuvanted vaccine used in both older adults and children aged < 6. RESULTS: In the base case analysis, use of adjuvanted vaccine in older adults was highly cost-effective (ICER = $2111/QALY gained), but such a program was "dominated" by a program that extended the use of adjuvanted vaccine to include young children (ICER =$1612/QALY). Results were similar whether or not a universal influenza immunization program was used in other age groups; projections were robust in the face of wide-ranging sensitivity analyses. INTERPRETATION: Based on the best available data, it is projected that replacement of traditional trivalent influenza vaccines with MF59-adjuvanted vaccines would confer substantial benefits to vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, and would be economically attractive relative to other widely-used preventive interventions

Identifying Priority Areas for Ecosystem Services Management in South Africa

Studies have highlighted the importance of managing ecosystem services to stop further degradation and transformation, yet very few studies have endeavored to identify priorities. The identification of priority areas for ecosystem services remains the least of objective for all studies that have mapped ecosystem services. Steps for identifying priority areas for management of ecosystem services include identifying features that supply ecosystem services, threats to service provision, potential actions to ensure future supply of service and cost of these actions as well as the availability of alternative means of providing benefits supplied by the service, the capacity to meet human demands and scale and site dependency of service. We present examples of the inclusion of ecosystem services in spatial planning in South Africa including quantifying conservation features and threats, as well as implementation issues. The prioritization of areas for ecosystem services management is still in its infancy. At present, spatial planning for ecosystem services is mostly coupled with biodiversity, but ecosystem services deserve to be conserved on their own right through conservation actions specifically designed for ecosystem services. The identification of priorities for such conservation action faces many challenges

East Midlands Top 500 Companies 2020

The East Midlands Top 500 Companies 2020 is a new index which celebrates the business success of the East Midlands as a region with a remarkably strong, diverse and resilient range of firms. The Top 500 is based on historic data from Companies House accounts submitted between July 2017 and June 2018. These are accessed from the Financial Analysis Made Easy FAME database supplied by Bureau Van Dijk. This is supplemented from other publicly available sources of business information. The report includes analysis of the significance, an overview of the regional business economy, and a series of company case studies. The index represents the strength and diversity of firms based in the East Midlands. The Top 500 Index provides a continuing baseline for comparison in future years, since it comprises data predating the effects of Brexit and COVID-19. This will be updated yearly. It includes companies with their registered offices located in Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire. All these businesses have been included in the ‘Top 200 Companies’ 2019 for Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire, featured in the ‘Business Live’ coverage by Reach Media

Development of an operational, risk-based approach to surface water flood forecasting

Surface water flooding occurs regularly across England and Wales, especially during the summer months. It is widely acknowledged that surface water flooding presents a particular challenge to forecasters because of the difficulties inherent in forecasting intense localised rainfall and the highly complex runoff and drainage processes which operate at the surface, particularly in urban areas. The Flood Forecasting Centre (FFC) has a responsibility to provide guidance on the risk of surface water flooding to Category 1 and 2 responders across England and Wales. Consequently, there is the requirement for improved methods for forecasting surface water flood risk and the FFC is currently involved in developing and trialling a novel surface water flood forecasting system, the Surface Water Flooding Hazard Impact Model (SWF HIM). The SWF HIM offers significant advances over existing surface water flood forecasting methods used by the FFC, including provision of a risk-based approach. The SWF HIM links probabilistic runoff forecasts from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology’s Grid-to-Grid model with a library of pre-calculated surface water impact information compiled by the Health and Safety Laboratory. These probabilistic runoff forecasts are combined with impact information to provide a forecast of surface water flood risk at a 1km2 resolution across England and Wales. This presentation outlines the methodology together with some initial results from the trial. The work has been undertaken as part of the UK’s Natural Hazards Partnership (NHP) and also benefits from the close working relationship between the Environment Agency and the Met Office through the FFC

Stellar Hydrodynamics in Radiative Regions

We present an analysis of the response of a radiative region to waves generated by a convective region of the star; this wave treatment of the classical problem of ``overshooting'' gives extra mixing relative to the treatment traditionally used in stellar evolutionary codes. The interface between convectively stable and unstable regions is dynamic and nonspherical, so that the nonturbulent material is driven into motion, even in the absence of ``penetrative overshoot.'' These motions may be described by the theory of nonspherical stellar pulsations, and are related to motion measured by helioseismology. Multi-dimensional numerical simulations of convective flow show puzzling features which we explain by this simplified physical model. Gravity waves generated at the interface are dissipated, resulting in slow circulation and mixing seen outside the formal convection zone. The approach may be extended to deal with rotation and composition gradients. Tests of this description in the stellar evolution code TYCHO produce carbon stars on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB), an isochrone age for the Hyades and three young clusters with lithium depletion ages from brown dwarfs, and lithium and beryllium depletion consistent with observations of the Hyades and Pleiades, all without tuning parameters. The insight into the different contributions of rotational and hydrodynamic mixing processes could have important implications for realistic simulation of supernovae and other questions in stellar evolution.Comment: 27 pages, 5 figures, accepted to the Astrophysical Journa