Main results.

<p><b>A: Recognition scores of each rating group.</b> Psychoanalysts [PSYAN], inexperienced professionals' [INXP] in similar and simple rating instruction condition [so called INXP-<i>frame</i>], cognitive behavioral therapists [CBT], experienced professionals [EP], and individuals who had the same experience of history of sibling's cancer [SE] scores when determining whether healthy adults had experienced sibling cancer during childhood, without explicit knowledge of this history. For each group, the score could vary from +84 for all perfect guesses to −84 for a complete failure and the probability that the score differed from chance was calculated using a permutation test. ANOVA combining all groups of raters: p = .0006. Computed p-value for each group of raters is indicated upon the bar (level of significance p<.009). <b>B: Recognition p-values as a function of the mean number of errors per judge.</b> To give an idea of the variability for each level of performance in terms of group recognition, we performed a simulation with judges having random errors and calculated the possible p values. The curve gives an idea of the p value as a function of the mean number of errors per judge, whereas the plot dispersion (vertical) reflects the variability of the p value given all possible changes in unknown parameters. Each experimental result is indicated with a large cross and superimposed on the plots curve using the same acronyms as those in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0018470#pone-0018470-g001" target="_blank">figure 1A</a>.</p

Impact of ADHD pharmacotherapy on later substance use disorder (SUD).

<p>According to the “top 10” study published by Biederman et al. in 1999, ADHD children treated with psychostimulants are at a 4-fold reduced risk of later SUD at adolescence. This study and two studies published in 1998 and 2003 were taken into account in a meta-analysis (corresponding OR indicated by a diamond). Circles indicate pharmacotherapy outcome for SUD at adolescence and squares at adulthood. Scientific studies echoed by newspapers are indicated by filled symbols (number of articles in parentheses). Empty symbols indicate that the corresponding scientific article has not been echoed by newspapers.</p

“Top 10” publications and their related scientific studies.

<p>IF: journal impact factor; echoed.</p>#<p>: number of newspaper articles echoing the corresponding studies; <i>Ref: reference number in italic</i>.</p

“Top 10” scientific studies published between 1990 and 1999 and most frequently echoed by newspapers.

<p>“Top 10” scientific studies published between 1990 and 1999 and most frequently echoed by newspapers.</p

Correlation between the occurrence frequency and the degree frequency of phrases.

<p>The song directed networks (SDNs) are constructed from real songs and from shuffled songs. The line shows a locally weighted scatter plot smoothing for the shuffled SDN.</p

Newspaper coverage of the 47 scientific studies related to ADHD between 1990 and 1999.

<p>The number of newspaper articles reporting on each scientific study is expressed as a function of the impact factor of the scientific journal publishing the scientific study (left), or the ranking of the university in which the study was performed (right). The ranking for medicine and pharmacy was that given by ARWU in 2010 (“Shanghai Ranking”). The relationship with the impact factor is not statistically significant (R² = 0.06 ANOVA: f = 3.0 p = 0.09) whereas that with the university ranking is significant (R² = 0.20 ANOVA: f = 11.2 p = 0.0017). The “top10” articles are indicated by filled circles.</p

Local structural properties of song and random directed networks.

<p>A. Configuration of transition motifs in the song directed network (SDN). B. Same as in the comparable random directed network (RDN) that has exactly the same measures of <i>n</i> and as the SDN, estimated from 1,000 different RDNs. Both networks are characterized by five types of transition motifs indicated: One-way, Bottleneck, Branch, Hourglass, and Margin, with proportions given in the diagrams.</p

Characteristics of the subjects (S_i) and the controls (C_i).

1<p>Indicates the years since the sibling's diagnosis of cancer.</p>2<p>Indicates whether the sibling died of the cancer or not.</p>3<p>Indicates whether the subjects or controls had had psychotherapy. In the case of S5 and S7, both received psychotherapy because of their trauma. F =  female. M =  male.</p><p>There was no significant difference between subjects and controls for age, sex, socio-economic status and education.</p

Newspaper coverage of “top 10” publications and of their 67 related scientific studies.

<p>The number of newspaper articles reporting on each scientific study is expressed as a function of either the impact factor of the scientific journal publishing the scientific study (left), or the ranking of the university in which the study was performed (right). The relationship with the impact factor (R² = 0.33 ANOVA: f = 36.8 p<0.0001) and with the university ranking (R² = 0.10 ANOVA: f = 8.4 p = 0.005) are statistically significant. The “top10” publications are indicated by filled circles.</p

Association between ADHD and the D4 dopaminergic receptor gene in initial and subsequent studies.

<p>The strength of the association (i.e. the odd ratio, the ratio of prevalence of the 7R allele of this DRD4 gene in ADHD children versus control children) in each study is given in the ordinate. In 1996 LaHoste and coworkers published the first study associating ADHD with the DRD4 gene <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044275#pone.0044275-LaHoste1" target="_blank">[18]</a>. This initial study reported an odd ratio of 3.01. Subsequent case-control studies reported smaller odd ratio (data from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044275#pone-0044275-t001" target="_blank">table 1A</a> in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044275#pone.0044275-Smith2" target="_blank">[47]</a>). According to two recent meta-analyses <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044275#pone.0044275-Gizer1" target="_blank">[46]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044275#pone.0044275-Smith2" target="_blank">[47]</a>, ADHD is still considered to be significantly associated with the DRD4 gene although this association confers a much smaller risk than initially thought (odd ratio indicated by a diamond). Filled circles indicate scientific studies echoed by newspapers (number of media articles indicated in parentheses). Empty circles and diamonds indicate that the publication has not been echoed by newspapers.</p