Mean WRAML2 Index Scores for Boys and Girls Stratified by Prenatal Stress and Black Carbon Exposure.

<p>Low and high prenatal stress are defined as negative life event domain scores ≤ 1 (lowest tertile) and >3 (highest tertile), respectively; BC is dichotomized using a median split (0.4 μg/m³). Error bars represent one standard deviation above and below the mean. Abbreviations: BC: black carbon; WRAML2: Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning-2nd edition. <i>P</i>_<i>int</i> represents the p-value from the 3-way interaction between child sex × prenatal stress × prenatal BC.</p

Least Squares Mean Scores on Tests of Cognition by anemia category after adjustment for age, sex, socio-economic status, and body mass index z-score.

<p>Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. ^{a, b} Different letters represent significant differences (P<0.05) in scores across anemia categories. IDA = Iron Deficiency Anemia; NIDA = Non-Iron Deficiency Anemia; WRAML = Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning.</p

Multivariate models assessing the adjusted association between cognition test scores and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

<p>WRAML = Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning; PNIT = Philippines Non-Verbal Intelligence Test.</p

Cognitive test reliability.

<p>WRAML = Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning; PNIT = Philippine Non-verbal Intelligence Test; NA = not applicable.</p>‡<p>Cronbach's alpha, used for correlation among three subscales that constitute each WRAML subtest.</p

Characteristics of the study sample pooled and across anemia types.

<p>IDA = iron deficiency anemia; NIDA = non-iron deficiency anemia; sTfR = soluble transferrin receptor; CRP = C-reactive protein; BMI = body mass index; WRAML = Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning.</p><p><i>^*P<0.05</i>, **<i>P<0.01</i>, ***<i>P<0.001</i> compared to the No Anemia group.</p>1<p><i>x</i>−; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values except for otherwise indicated).</p>2<p>Summary score of all questionnaire items calculated by principal components analysis.</p>3<p><i>n</i> = 315.</p>4<p><i>n</i> = 55.</p>5<p><i>n</i> = 203.</p>6<p>Indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin >1 mg/dL.</p>7<p>Spleen size >2 standard deviations (SD) above the reference mean of a healthy Chinese population.</p

Baseline sociodemographic characteristics of <i>S. japonicum</i>-infected school-aged children enrolled between 2002 and 2003 in Leyte, The Philippines.

*<p>WRAML = Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning; EPG = eggs per gram of stool; IQR = inter-quartile range, SD = standard deviation.</p>**<p>assessment of STH infections were missing for four children throughout the study period.</p>***<p>Co-infection frequency includes both soil-transmitted helminths and <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i>.</p

Cohort-wide variation in average infection intensity from enrolment through 18 months of follow-up in children aged 7–19 years from in Leyte, The Philippines.

<p>On the y-axis are plotted number of parasite eggs per gram (EPG) of stool and the x-axis shows the number of months from enrollment (time point zero) through 18 months. Study was implemented between 2002 and 2004 and included children aged 7–19 years at enrolment, residing in Leyte, The Philippines.</p

Change in cognitive testscores over 18 months follow-up in relation to <i>S. japonicum</i> infection-free duration in Filipino school-aged children treated for <i>S. japonicum</i> at enrolment.

<p>WRAML = Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning; CI = confidence interval.</p>*<p>Estimates are differences in testscores for varying durations of <i>S. japonicum</i> cure relative to never cured children. Estimated are derived from a repeated measures model adjusted for: time, child age, sex, nutritional status, baseline <i>S. japonicum</i> infection, baseline STH intensity, socioeconomic status, and baseline anemia.</p>**<p>This category includes children that were <i>S. japonicum</i> infected during all periods for which infection was assessed. Some children may not have assessments in all intervals but if they were always <i>S. japonicum</i> positive when infection data is available they are considered never cured.</p

Test score change over 18 months follow-up in relation to single and polyparasitic helminth infection decline among school-aged children from Leyte, The Philippines.^*

<p>Children were recruited between 2002 and 2004. WRAML = Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning; CI = confidence interval; EPG = eggs per gram of stool; STH = soil-transmitted helminth infections; WAZ = weight-for-age z-scores.</p>*<p>Estimates are differences in testscores for declines <i>vs.</i> no change or increase in helminth infections and other covariates shown. Estimated are derived a repeated measures linear mixed model adjusted for: time, child age at enrollment, sex, nutritional status, baseline <i>S. japonicum</i> infection, baseline STH intensity, socioeconomic status, and baseline anemia.</p>**<p>The reference group for baseline <i>S. japonicum</i> intensity consists of low intensity infections. For <i>A. lumbricoides</i> and <i>T. trichiura</i> baseline infections, the reference group consists of children with none/low infections. For hookworm infection only, the reference group consists of uninfected children. For baseline polyparasitic STH infections, the reference group includes children with none/all low infections.</p

Median rates of foodborne Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) per 100,000 population, by subregion, with 95% uncertainty intervals, 2010.

<p>Median rates of foodborne Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) per 100,000 population, by subregion, with 95% uncertainty intervals, 2010.</p