95 research outputs found

    Exhausted Cytotoxic Control of Epstein-Barr Virus in Human Lupus

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    Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) pathology has long been associated with an increased Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) seropositivity, viremia and cross-reactive serum antibodies specific for both virus and self. It has therefore been postulated that EBV triggers SLE immunopathology, although the mechanism remains elusive. Here, we investigate whether frequent peaks of EBV viral load in SLE patients are a consequence of dysfunctional anti-EBV CD8+ T cell responses. Both inactive and active SLE patients (n = 76 and 42, respectively), have significantly elevated EBV viral loads (P = 0.003 and 0.002, respectively) compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 29). Interestingly, less EBV-specific CD8+ T cells are able to secrete multiple cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and MIP-1β) in inactive and active SLE patients compared to controls (P = 0.0003 and 0.0084, respectively). Moreover, EBV-specific CD8+ T cells are also less cytotoxic in SLE patients than in controls (CD107a expression: P = 0.0009, Granzyme B release: P = 0.0001). Importantly, cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific responses were not found significantly altered in SLE patients. Furthermore, we demonstrate that EBV-specific CD8+ T cell impairment is a consequence of their Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) receptor up-regulation, as blocking this pathway reverses the dysfunctional phenotype. Finally, prospective monitoring of lupus patients revealed that disease flares precede EBV reactivation. In conclusion, EBV-specific CD8+ T cell responses in SLE patients are functionally impaired, but EBV reactivation appears to be an aggravating consequence rather than a cause of SLE immunopathology. We therefore propose that autoimmune B cell activation during flares drives frequent EBV reactivation, which contributes in a vicious circle to the perpetuation of immune activation in SLE patients

    Etude des infections à virus BK chez les patients adultes recevant une allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoiétiques

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    CHATENAY M.-PARIS 11-BU Pharma. (920192101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Résistance des virus herpes simplex aux antiviraux

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    International audienceHerpes simplex virus (HSV) infections remain an important cause of morbidity among immunocompromised patients, such as transplant recipients and human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]-infected individuals. Only few antiviral drugs are available to treat HSV infections: (val)acyclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir. Prophylactic and curative antiviral treatments administered during prolonged periods among patients with altered T-cell immunity may lead to the emergence of HSV resistance to antivirals, contributing to a challenging therapeutic management of viral infection. The persistence of herpetic lesions after 10 days of well-conducted antiviral therapy is suggestive of viral resistance. Resistance to antivirals can be detected using genotypic methods (identifications of antiviral resistance-associated mutations by sequencing genes encoding viral proteins involved in the mechanism of action of antivirals) or phenotypic methods (measure of antiviral drug concentration inhibiting 50% of viral replication in cell culture). The prevalence of HSV resistance to acyclovir is below 1% in immunocompetent individuals, except those with herpetic keratitis for whom prevalence can reach 7%, and varies from 3.5% to 11% in immunocompromised patients. Adverse effects and the absence of eradication of viral latent infection constitute other limits to the use of antiviral drugs. New antiviral compounds undergoing clinical trials and novel potential viral targets seem very promising to enlarge the panel of efficient compounds to treat HSV infections.Les infections par les virus herpes simplex (HSV) constituent une cause majeure de morbidité chez les patients immunodéprimés tels que les receveurs de greffe ou les individus infectés par le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (HIV). Les molécules antivirales utilisées pour le traitement de ces infections sont actuellement peu nombreuses : (val)aciclovir, foscarnet et cidofovir. L’instauration de traitements antiviraux préventifs ou curatifs, souvent durant des périodes prolongées, chez des patients dont l’immunité cellulaire est altérée, peut conduire à l’émergence de résistance des HSV aux antiviraux, compliquant alors la prise en charge thérapeutique de l’infection virale. La persistance de lésions herpétiques après 10 jours de traitement antiviral bien conduit doit faire suspecter une résistance virologique. Il est possible de détecter cette résistance par des méthodes génotypiques (identification de mutations associées à la résistance aux antiviraux par séquençage des gènes codant les protéines virales directement impliquées dans le mécanisme d’action des antiviraux) ou par des méthodes phénotypiques (mesure de la concentration d’un antiviral inhibant 50 % de la multiplication virale en culture de cellules). La prévalence de la résistance des HSV à l’aciclovir est inférieure à 1 % chez les individus immunocompétents, hormis ceux souffrant de kératite herpétique pour qui elle est de l’ordre de 7 %, et elle varie de 2,5 % à 11 % chez les individus immunodéprimés. De plus, il existe d’autres limitations à l’utilisation de ces antiviraux, comme leurs effets indésirables ou l’impossibilité d’éradiquer les infections virales latentes. À ce jour, de nouveaux composés en cours d’essais cliniques et de nouvelles cibles virales potentielles semblent très prometteuses pour agrandir le panel de molécules efficaces pour traiter les infections dues aux HSV
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