Design of pixel-level ADCs for energy-sensitive hybrid pixel detectors

Single-photon counting hybrid pixel detectors have shown\ud to be a valid alternative to other types of X-ray imaging\ud devices due to their high sensitivity, low noise, linear behavior\ud and wide dynamic range. One important advantage of these\ud devices is the fact that detector and readout electronics are\ud manufactured separately. This allows the use of industrial\ud state-of-the-art CMOS processes to make the readout\ud electronics, combined with a free choice of detector material\ud (high resistivity Silicon, GaAs or other). By measuring not\ud only the number of X-ray photons but also their energies (or\ud wavelengths), the information content of the image increases,\ud given the same X-ray dose. We have studied several\ud possibilities of adding energy sensitivity to the single photon\ud counting capability of hybrid pixel detectors, by means of\ud pixel-level analog-to-digital converters. We show the results of\ud simulating different kinds of analog-to-digital converters in\ud terms of power, area and speed

Estudio de utilización de antivirales de acción directa en el tratamiento de la hepatitis

Objetivos: El objetivo es analizar el tratamiento con los nuevos antivirales de acción directa frente al virus de la hepatitis C en un hospital general de nivel medio. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron pacientes diagnosticados con Hepatitis C crónica que iniciaron tratamiento con antivirales de acción directa en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de abril y el 31 de octubre de 2015. Se recogieron variables clínicas, tratamientos y se comprobaron posibles interacciones con la medicación habitual, trabajándo posteriormente con los datos obtenidos en Excel. Resultados y discusión: E 26% de los 131 pacientes presentaba coinfección con VIH. El genotipo predominante fue el 1 (74,04%), seguido por genotipo 3 (12,21%). El 67,93% presentaban fibrosis F4 y 19,84% F3, siendo el grupo prioritario de tratamiento un 87,77%. El 6,87% F2 con manifestaciones extrahepáticas y un 5,36% F0-F1, personal sanitario o mujeres con deseo de embarazo. Un 56,48% eran pacientes Naïve, 32,06% Biterapia, 8,40% Triterapia y 3,06% IFN. En un 74,8% de pacientes se eligió la primera opción de tratamiento, siendo por interacciones con el tratamiento concomitante del paciente el principal motivo de no elección ( 58% de los casos), afectando principalmente a la combinación Ombitasvir/ Paritaprevir/ Ritonavir más Dasabuvir (74,04%), provocadas por el tratamiento antrirretroviral en un 36% de los casos. Un 64,88% de pacientes recibieron tratamiento durante 12 semanas, un 32,83% durante 24 semanas y un 2,29% durante 8 semanas. No se notificaron abandonos ni reacciones adversas, habiendo concluido el tratamiento un 64,88% de pacientes. Conclusiones: El genotipo 1 es el principal causante de infección (74,04%), siendo el genotipo 3 la segunda causa. Un 74,8% de pacientes recibió la primera opción de tratamiento, eligiéndose otras opciones por interacciones con la medicación habitual del paciente en la mayoría de los casos (58%), con la terapia antirretroviral (36%), por lo que este grupo debe continuar siendo especialmente vigilado

Consider the Qing Locust

This article examines a 1761 locust eradication operation involving both Mongol and Han personnel, within a larger context of issues related to mutually conditioning relations between people, plants and animals. Such locusts outbreaks, as products of complex environmental relations still not fully understood, could provide unexpected opportunities for intense trans-Great Wall cooperation and bonding among groups often rhetorically and analytically separated by idioms of steppe and sown. Environmental interdependencies that emerge from these incidents may form the analytical basis for empire as a ‘multi-environmental,’ rather than as an anthropocentric multi-ethnic, construct in which ecological factors play a constructive role that is often inadvertent or unacknowledged

Knowledge and Power are Not the Same: Arndt Brendecke, The Empirical Empire, and the Spanish American Colonial Archive

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Spectroscopic quantum imaging using pixel-level ADCs in semiconductor-based hybrid pixel detectors

This thesis describes the design of a microelectronic system that can be used to build a spectroscopic imaging system, in particular a spectroscopic quantum imaging using pixel-level ADCs in semiconductor-based hybrid pixel detectors. In such a system the signal generated in the sensor by a photon interaction is electronically processed to obtain a measurement of the energy deposited by the photon. This measurement is expressed as a digital value and read from the pixel by the appropriate circuitry located in the periphery of the chip. The digital data corresponding to the measurement (energy of the photon and pixel address in the imaging array) is then read from the chip by an external data acquisition system for further processing or visual presentation

Review of Plague and Empire in the Early Modern Mediterranean World: The Ottoman Experience, 1347- 1600 by Nükhet Varlık (2017)

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