How A Refocused CRP Could Be Administered In Minnesota

Reinvest In Minnesota (RIM) Reserve and Permanent Wetland Preserves (PWP) are state conservation easement programs designed to keep certain marginal agricultural land, including drained restorable wetlands, and existing types 1, 2, 3, or 6 wetlands out of crop production to protect soil and water quality and enhance fish and wildlife habitat. The Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources (BWSR) suggests an alternative approach to administering a refocused Conservation Reserve (CRP) and the new Wetland Reserve Programs (WRP), in Minnesota. BWSR could enter into a delegation agreement with the U. S. Department of Agriculture to transfer easement acquisition, practice establishment, and necessary administrative funding through BWSR to local soil and water conservation districts (SWCDs). This presentation will outline how this arrangement could successfully administer a federally delegated program through the state and local SWCDs to participating landowners. Benefits of this arrangement will also be discussed

Spectroscopic studies of jet-cooled AINi

Journal ArticleResonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy has been used to interrogate diatomic AlNi produced by laser vaporization of a 1:l alloy target in a supersonic molecular beam of helium. Although a large density of states in this molecule prohibits a concise elucidation of its electronic structure, the presence of discrete transitions has allowed several bands to be rotationally resolved. From the analysis of these bands the ground state has been determined as X 2?5/2, originating from the 3SA3&Nio2 configuration, and the bond length has been measured as 2.3211?0.0007 A. The dissociation energy and ionization potential of AlNi have also been determined as D0( AlNi) =2.29?0.05 eV and I.P. ( AlNi) =6.95?0.09 eV, respectively

Interaction of an aluminum atom with an alkaline earth atom: spectroscopic and ab initio investigations of AICa

Journal ArticleA spectroscopic analysis of diatomic AlCa generated by laser vaporization of a 2:1 AI:Ca metal alloy followed by supersonic expansion has been completed using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy. Four excited electronic states have been identified and investigated in the energy region from 13 500 to 17 900 cm-1. These are the [13.5] ?II,, the [15.8] ??, the [17.0] ??3/2(?), and the [ 17.61 2?3/2 states. From rotational analysis excited state bond lengths have been measured for three of the four excited states, and the ground state has been unambiguously determined as a ?II, state with a weighted least squares value of the ground state bond length of r"0 = 3.1479 ? 0.00 10 A. The ionization energy of the molecule has also been directly determined as 5.072?0.028 eV. Ab inirio calculations for the potential energy curves of seven low-lying states of AlCa [X ?IIr, ??+, 4?-, 4IIr, ?II,(2), ??, and X l?+ and for the X 1?+ ground electronic state of AlCa+ have been carried out. In agreement with experiment, ?II, is calculated to be the ground electronic state of the neutral molecule. The dissociation energies of AlCa (X ?II,) into Al(3s?3p?,?Po) +Ca(4s?,?S) and for AlCa+ (X ??+) into A1+(3s?,?S) +Ca(4s?,?S) are calculated to be 0.47 and 1.50 eV, respectively. The excited ??+, 4?-, 4II,, 2II(2), ??, and ??+ states are calculated to lie 0.2, 0.7, 0.7, 1.1, 1.1, and 1.1 eV above X ?IIr,, respectively, and the vertical and adiabatic ionization energies of AlCa have been calculated to be 5.03 and 4.97 eV, respectively

Interaction of an aluminum atom with a closed subshell metal atom: spectroscopic analysis of AIZn

Journal ArticleResonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy has been employed to investigate diatomic AlZn produced by laser vaporization of a 1:2 Al:Zn alloy target disk in a supersonic expansion of helium. Several discrete transitions are reported in the energy range from 18 400 to 19 100 cm-?. Most of these are assigned as members of the B ?II.?x ?II system, although an isolated band has been observed and assigned as the 2-0 band of the A ?' =0.5?X ?II 1/2 system. A pair of strongly mixed levels are identified as resulting from a homogeneous spin-orbit perturbation between the A ?' =0.5, v' =3 and the B ?II1l2, v' = 1 levels, and the perturbation matrix element has been deduced to be 8.11 cm-? for 27 Al64Zn, 8.23 cm-? for 27 Al66Zn. The ground state has been unambiguously identified as a 2rrr state with a bond length of 2.6957?0.0004 ?. Comparisons to the results of the preceding article on the spectroscopy of AlCa are also provided, along with a discussion of the chemical bonding in AlZn in relation to AlCa, AlAr, and AIKr

Spectroscopic analysis of jet-cooled AICu

Journal ArticleDiatomic AlCu has been interrogated using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy in a supersonic expansion of helium. The ground state is shown to be X l?+, deriving from the 3&3dgd configuration, in agreement with theoretical predictions. The closed-shell nature of this molecule results in a low density of electronic states, allowing the chemical bonding and electronic structure to be investigated in detail. Five excited electronic states have been observed and characterized, leading to a potential energy diagram based solely on experimental results. Constants experimentally determined for AlCu include a ground state bond length (r0) of 2.3389?0.0004 A, a dissociation energy, Do, of 2.315?0.012 eV, and an ionization potential of 7.065?.014 eV

Spectroscopic analysis of the open 3 d subshell transition metal aluminides: AIV, AICr, and AICo

Journal ArticleThree open 3d subshell transition metal aluminides, AlV, AICr, and AlCo, have been investigated by resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy to elucidate the chemical bonding in these diatomic molecules. The open nature of the 3d subshell results in a vast number of excited electronic states in these species, allowing bond strengths to be measured by the observation of abrupt predissociation thresholds in a congested optical spectrum, giving D?(AlV)=1.489?0.010 eV, D?(AlCr)=2.272?0.009 eV, and D?(AlCo)= 1.844?0.002 eV. At lower excitation energies the presence of discrete transitions has permitted determinations of the ground state symmetries and bond lengths of AlV and AlCo through rotationally resolved studies, giving r-6 (AlV, ??=O)=2.620?0.004 A and r: (AlCo, ??=3)=2.3833?0.0005 A. Ionization energies were also measured for all three species, yielding IE(AIV)=6.01?0.10 eV, IE(AlCr)=5.96?0.04 eV, and IE(AlCo)=6.99?0.17 eV. A discussion of these results is presented in the context of previous work on AlCu, AlNi, AlCa, and AlZn

Correlation of throwing velocity to the results of lower body field tests in male college baseball players

Baseball-specific athleticism, potential, and performance have been difficult to predict. Increased muscle strength and power can increase throwing velocity but the majority of research has focused on the upper body. The present study sought to determine if bilateral or unilateral lower-body field testing correlates with throwing velocity. Baseball throwing velocity scores were correlated to the following tests: medicine ball (MB) scoop toss and squat throw, bilateral and unilateral vertical jumps, single and triple broad jumps, hop and stop in both directions, lateral to medial jumps, 10- and 60-yd sprints, and both left and right single-leg 10-yd hop for speed in 42 college baseball players. A multiple regression analysis (forward method), assessing the relationship between shuffle and stretch throwing velocities and lower-body field test results determined that right-handed throwing velocity from the stretch position was most strongly predicted by lateral to medial jump right (LMJR) and body weight (BW; R2 = 0.322), whereas lateral to medial jump left (LMJL; R2 = 0.688) predicted left stretch throw. Right-handed shuffle throw was most strongly predicted by LMJR and MB scoop (R2 = 0.338), whereas LMJL, BW, and LMJR all contributed to left-handed shuffle throw (R2 = 0.982). Overall, this study found that lateral to medial jumps were consistently correlated with high throwing velocity in each of the throwing techniques, in both left-handed and right-handed throwers. This is the first study to correlate throwing velocity with a unilateral jump in the frontal plane, mimicking the action of the throwing stride

SQUATS PERFORMED ON AN UNSTABLE SURFACE ELICIT HIGHER TRANSVERSAL FORCE OUTPUT COMPARED TO MORE STABLE SQUATS

Instability resistance training (RT) or exercising within an unstable environment is a popular training modality and frequently used in training, rehabilitation and prevention settings. Yet, due to the reported reduced force output during exercising within unstable condition, instability RT is said to lack the necessary overload to induce meaningful effects. However, empirical evidence of interventions suggests otherwise. The aim of this study was to systematically analyse instability RT vs. stable RT and discuss potential mechanisms. Therefore, we analysed squats within unstable and stable environments and calculated transversal and vertical forces. Greater transversal plane ground reaction forces were observed while performing squats on the unstable surface (p = .013; d = 1.88, CI-95% [0.33, 3.39]). In contrast, vertical force output remained similar for both conditions (p = .764; d = 0.14, CI-95% [-0.77, 1.02])

Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology Position Paper: Resistance Training in Children and Adolescents

Many position stands and review papers have refuted the myths associated with resistance training (RT) in children and adolescents. With proper training methods, RT for children and adolescents can be relatively safe and improve overall health. The objective of this position paper and review is to highlight research and provide recommendations in aspects of RT that have not been extensively reported in the pediatric literature. In addition to the well-documented increases in muscular strength and endurance, RT has been used to improve function in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis, cerebral palsy and burn victims. Increases in children’s muscular strength have been attributed primarily to neurological adaptations due to the disproportionately higher increase in muscle strength than in muscle size. Although most studies using anthropometric measures have not shown significant muscle hypertrophy in children, more sensitive measures such as magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound have suggested hypertrophy may occur. There is no minimum age for RT for children. However the training and instruction must be appropriate for children and adolescents involving a proper warm-up, cool-down and an appropriate choice of exercises. It is recommended that low-to-moderate intensity resistance should be utilized 2-3 times per week on non-consecutive days, with 1-2 sets initially, progressing to 4 sets of 8-15 repetitions for 8-12 exercises. These exercises can include more advanced movements such as Olympic style lifting, plyometrics and balance training, which can enhance strength, power, co-ordination and balance. However specific guidelines for these more advanced techniques need to be established for youth. In conclusion, a RT program that is within a child’s or adolescent’s capacity, involves gradual progression under qualified instruction and supervision with appropriately sized equipment can involve more advanced or intense RT exercises which can lead to functional (i.e. muscular strength, endurance, power, balance and co-ordination) and health benefits

Canadian Society For Exercise Physiology Position Stand on the Acute Effects of Muscle Stretching on Physical Performance, Range of Motion and Injury Incidence in Healthy Active Individuals

Muscle stretching in some form appears to be of greater benefit than cost (in terms of performance, ROM and injury outcomes) but the type of stretching chosen and the make-up of the stretch routine will depend on the context within which it is used. SS and PNF stretching are not recommended if prolonged (>60s total per individual muscle) stretching is employed within 5 min of an activity without subsequent dynamic activity (e.g. if prolonged stretching immediately precedes training or competition), unless the requirements for increases in ROM and/or decrease in (specifically) muscle injury outweigh the requirement for optimum physical performance. Injury reduction appears to require more than 5 min of total stretching of multiple task-related muscle groups. However, when an optimal pre-event warm-up with an appropriate duration of stretching is completed (i.e. initial aerobic activity, stretching component, task- or activity-specific dynamic activities) the benefits of SS and PNF stretching for increasing ROM and reducing muscle injury risk at least balance, or may outweigh, any possible cost of performance decrements. SS also appears to enhance performance in activities performed at long muscle lengths. DS may induce moderate performance enhancements and may be included in the stretching component to provide task-specific ROM increases and facilitation of dynamic SSC performance when performed soon before an activity, and/or when a full pre-activity routine is not completed; however there is no evidence as to whether it influences injury risk. Furthermore, while the literature examining the effect of stretching on physical performance is extensive, the literature examining injury risk is much smaller, and thus more research needs to investigate the effect of muscle stretching on injury risk