The Impact of Right-to-Work Laws on Union Organizing

In contrast to previous studies which have examined the impact of Right-to-Work (RTW) laws on the level or stock of union membership, this paper examines their impact on the most updated flow into membership and the organizing of workers through certified elections. Since detailed annual data are available by state, we are able to estimate an accelerator model of the flow into unionism, and adjust for possible omitted variable and simultaneity bias. The results show dramatic falls in organizing immediately after the passage of a RTW law, with more moderate declines in later years, just as an accelerator model could predict. Overall, the results are consistent with a 5-10 percent reduction in unionism as a result of the passage of RTW laws.

Diamonds are Forever

We defend the thesis that every necessarily true proposition is always true. Since not every proposition that is always true is necessarily true, our thesis is at odds with theories of modality and time, such as those of Kit Fine and David Kaplan, which posit a fundamental symmetry between modal and tense operators. According to such theories, just as it is a contingent matter what is true at a given time, it is likewise a temporary matter what is true at a given possible world; so a proposition that is now true at all worlds, and thus necessarily true, may yet at some past or future time be false in the actual world, and thus not always true. We reconstruct and criticize several lines of argument in favor of this picture, and then argue against the picture on the grounds that it is inconsistent with certain sorts of contingency in the structure of time

The Appearance of Four Basement Membrane Zone Antigens in Developing Human Fetal Skin

In order to study the ontogeny of various structural and antigenic components of the basement membrane zone of human skin, we have examined skin specimens from 20 aborted fetuses ranging in gestational ages from 6 to 25 weeks, utilizing light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and indirect immunofluorescence with antibodies to bullous pemphigoid antigen, laminin, type IV collagen, and to the antigen defined by KF-1 monoclonal antibody. Both laminin and type IV collagen were detectable as early as 6 weeks of gestational age. In contrast, bullous pemphigoid antigen and the antigen defined by KF- 1 antibody were not detectable before 10 weeks and 16 weeks, respectively. The appearance of bullous pemphigoid antigen correlated with stratification of the epidermis and the formation of hemidesmosomes and anchoring fibrils at the basement membrane zone. KF- 1 antigen is first expressed when the epidermis is further stratified, hemidesmosomes and anchoring fibrils are present in greater numbers and with increased frequency at the dermal-epidermal junction, and hair follicles have begun to bud downward from the basal layer of the epidermis. Our findings suggest an orderly sequence to the appearance of these basement membrane zone components within human skin

Inherited epidermolysis bullosa

Inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) encompasses a number of disorders characterized by recurrent blister formation as the result of structural fragility within the skin and selected other tissues. All types and subtypes of EB are rare; the overall incidence and prevalence of the disease within the United States is approximately 19 per one million live births and 8 per one million population, respectively. Clinical manifestations range widely, from localized blistering of the hands and feet to generalized blistering of the skin and oral cavity, and injury to many internal organs. Each EB subtype is known to arise from mutations within the genes encoding for several different proteins, each of which is intimately involved in the maintenance of keratinocyte structural stability or adhesion of the keratinocyte to the underlying dermis. EB is best diagnosed and subclassified by the collective findings obtained via detailed personal and family history, in concert with the results of immunofluorescence antigenic mapping, transmission electron microscopy, and in some cases, by DNA analysis. Optimal patient management requires a multidisciplinary approach, and revolves around the protection of susceptible tissues against trauma, use of sophisticated wound care dressings, aggressive nutritional support, and early medical or surgical interventions to correct whenever possible the extracutaneous complications. Prognosis varies considerably and is based on both EB subtype and the overall health of the patient

Hyperentangled States

We investigate a new class of entangled states, which we call 'hyperentangled',that have EPR correlations identical to those in the vacuum state of a relativistic quantum field. We show that whenever hyperentangled states exist in any quantum theory, they are dense in its state space. We also give prescriptions for constructing hyperentangled states that involve an arbitrarily large collection of systems.Comment: 23 pages, LaTeX, Submitted to Physical Review

Validation of a model to predict adverse outcomes in patients with pulmonary embolism

Aims To validate a model for quantifying the prognosis of patients with pulmonary embolism (PE). The model was previously derived from 10 534 US patients. Methods and results We validated the model in 367 patients prospectively diagnosed with PE at 117 European emergency departments. We used baseline data for the model's 11 prognostic variables to stratify patients into five risk classes (I-V). We compared 90-day mortality within each risk class and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve between the validation and the original derivation samples. We also assessed the rate of recurrent venous thrombo-embolism and major bleeding within each risk class. Mortality was 0% in Risk Class I, 1.0% in Class II, 3.1% in Class III, 10.4% in Class IV, and 24.4% in Class V and did not differ between the validation and the original derivation samples. The area under the curve was larger in the validation sample (0.87 vs. 0.78, P=0.01). No patients in Classes I and II developed recurrent thrombo-embolism or major bleeding. Conclusion The model accurately stratifies patients with PE into categories of increasing risk of mortality and other relevant complications. Patients in Risk Classes I and II are at low risk of adverse outcomes and are potential candidates for outpatient treatmen

Increased Frequency of HLA-DR2 in Patients with Autoantibodies to Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita Antigen: Evidence that the Expression of Autoimmunity to Type VII Collagen Is HLA Class II Allele Associated

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a chronic blistering disease characterized by circulating and tissue bound IgG auto-antibodies to the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of stratified squamous epithelium. Recent studies have shown that antibodies recognize epitopes present in the noncollagenous carboxyl-terminal domain of type VII collagen, a BMZ matrix protein. Antibodies with identical specificity also have been detected in patients with the rare blistering disease, bullous systemic lupus erythematosus (bullous SLE), suggesting EBA and bullous SLE are immunologically related diseases. In this study we determined the major histo-compatibility antigen types of 29 EBA patients and 6 patients with bullous SLE. Analysis of the results showed HLA-DR2 was significantly increased in both black EBA patients, P = 0.013 (corrected, RR = 4.8) and whit EBA patients, P = 0.0008 (corrected, RR = 13.1). Five of the six bullous SLE patients also were positive for the DR2 antigen, P = 0.009. These results show the expression of autoimmunity to type VII collagen is HLA class II allele associated and that EBA and bullous SLE are immunogentically related diseases