Adjuvant effect of Garlic extracts (Allium sativum L.) on the production of γ globulin in mice immunized with ovalbumin

The antigens used in vaccines are usually attenuated or inactivated microorganisms, toxoids or purified particles. The purified particles have a better biosecurity but their capacity to generate an immune response is low, therefore vaccines include adjuvants that seek to improve immunogenicity. Unfortunately, adjuvants have side effects so only aluminum saltsare currently used as adjuvants. So that this work evaluated an adjuvant of garlic extracts, a plant with immunomodulatory properties, in mice immunized with ovalbumin. To formulate the adjuvant, biotoxicity and cytotoxicity assays with a model of Artemia salina and haemolytic activity were considered respectively. A qualitative phytochemical analysis andquantification of phenolic compounds were carried out and in the immunization scheme 100 μg of antigen with adjuvant were administered at day 1, 50 and 100 μg of antigen on days 14 and 28 respectively. The sacrifice of the animals was done on day 30. Leukocytes and γ globulins were quantified at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. A lethal dose 50% of 1430 μg/mL was calculated for the Garlic extracts, a haemolytic activity of 2.66% and 7.53% was observed (p<0.05) for the concentrations of 10 and 100 μg/mL. And it was only possible to identify the presence of tannins in the aqueous extract of Garlic. With the results obtained, significant differences were observed in leukocyte counts and concentration of γglobulins at the end of the immunization scheme (p<0.05). Concluding that the results with the adjuvant of Garlic at 10 μg/mL concentration were comparable to those found with the adjuvant of aluminum salts

Medio ambiente, sociedad, ética, auditoría y educación. La Investigación Contable en UNIMINUTO Virtual y a Distancia: Contexto y Oportunidades.

En los últimos años la educación a distancia ha mostrado ser capaz de reducir la brecha de inequidad social, de capacitar personas en lugares remotos, de brindar la posibilidad a la comunidad discapacitada y de permitirle a quienes no cuentan con suficientes recursos económicos acceder a la educación superior, la presente investigación da cuenta de los aspectos clave asociados a la decisión de matricularse en el programa de Contaduría Pública en la modalidad distancia tradicional. Se realizó un análisis de las narrativas basado en los resultados de un instrumento aplicado a 150 estudiantes. Para el análisis de datos se empleó la herramienta SenseMaker®. Los resultados evidencian aspectos personales, sociales y culturales que posicionan la oferta de educación en la modalidad a distancia como la institución que permite resignificar la vida de las persona

Medio ambiente, sociedad, ética, auditoría y educación. La Investigación Contable en UNIMINUTO Virtual y a Distancia: Contexto y Oportunidades.

En los últimos años la educación a distancia ha mostrado ser capaz de reducir la brecha de inequidad social, de capacitar personas en lugares remotos, de brindar la posibilidad a la comunidad discapacitada y de permitirle a quienes no cuentan con suficientes recursos económicos acceder a la educación superior, la presente investigación da cuenta de los aspectos clave asociados a la decisión de matricularse en el programa de Contaduría Pública en la modalidad distancia tradicional. Se realizó un análisis de las narrativas basado en los resultados de un instrumento aplicado a 150 estudiantes. Para el análisis de datos se empleó la herramienta SenseMaker®. Los resultados evidencian aspectos personales, sociales y culturales que posicionan la oferta de educación en la modalidad a distancia como la institución que permite resignificar la vida de las persona

<i>Yoga</i> practice improves sleep quality of people living with HIV on ART

105-108Sleep is a physiological state of self-regulation and resting. Sleep and sleep quality in people living with HIV are altered by many factors among which are: 1) Infection-itself, 2) The diagnosis, and 3) Treatment. Yoga is known for its beneficial effects on physiologic and psychological functions, besides it improves the quality of life of people. For these reasons, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of yoga practicingon sleep quality of people living with HIV on ART. One hundred twenty five people living with HIV without antecedent of practicing yoga were invited to participate in this study and 82 people agreed to participate in systematic yoga exercises for 30 min 3 times a week in a period of 8 weeks. Participants were later randomly assigned into one of the three yoga programs (only Asanas, only Pranayama and both Asanas-Pranayama). Quality of sleep was assessed using semi-structured interview focusing on the following sleep disturbances: 1) difficulty to fall asleep, 2) sleep less than 6 hours and 3) fragmented sleep. The analysis was performed using SPSS 21 for Windows software package. Results are expressed as the frequencies of sleep disturbances at the beginning and at the end of the study among study programs. Z-test for proportion differences was employed being significant P values Yoga programs resulted in proportions differences, yet not significant, between starting and ending the study among sleep disturbances. However a significant proportion difference was found between Yoga practice (any program) and sleep disturbances (any); thus, we conclude that Yoga practice improves sleep quality of people living with HIV on ART

Protective effect of <i>yoga</i> against tuberculosis in people living with HIV

101-104The leading cause of death in people living with HIV (PLH) is tuberculosis. Since some studies report a beneficial effect of yoga on respiratory problems and considering that the first cause of death in PLH is tuberculosis we decide as the aim of this study: Analyzing the association of the practice of yoga and the incidence of tuberculosis in PLH. A sample of 195 PLH was invited to participate in this study. We only included people who reported performing Asana, Pranayama and Asana-Pranayama combinations. They were stratified according to yogic exercises and univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to model the relationship between yogic exercises and TB. We found a significant association between yoga and tuberculosis (p yogic exercise the last 12 months seem to have been 2.24 times more likely to pulmonary TB within the last 12 months than those who did yogic exercise; i.e., a protective effect of yoga against TB in PLH (aOR = 0.44, p = 0.047). When participants were stratified according to the yogic exercises it is shown that the protective effect is due to the practice of pranayama (aOR = 0.17, p = 0.004). All the PLH were simultaneously receiving ART; thus, we conclude that the yoga practice has an adjuvant protective effect against TB in this PLH group

Diseño de un sistema de captación, almacenamiento y distribución de aguas lluvias en vivienda familiar

El abastecimiento de agua es una actividad que el hombre ha realizado desde hace mucho tiempo, esto con el fin de poder satisfacer sus necesidades básica de consumo y uso. Es en este uso donde se ha de impactar en el consumo de agua potable con este diseño, porque el empleo de agua en actividades como lavado de pisos, de ropa, uso para inodoros, regado de jardín y similares, las cuales no requieren que sea apta para consumo, pero sí que esté libre de bacterias, suciedades o metales pesados, para darle aprovechamiento tomando este volumen de agua de las aguas de lluvias. En esta ocasión se abordó el diseño de un sistema que permita el abastecimiento de agua de lluvia para el uso doméstico más no para consumo. Con este fin se realizó un diseño que permite la captación, canalización, acopio y distribución de las aguas de lluvia. En el estudio de la zona de aplicación del proyecto se encontró la necesidad en los habitantes para dar provecho a la alta pluviosidad de la zona y también su búsqueda de mitigar los gastos en el servicio público de agua; en base a esto se definió el diseño del sistema, el cual se resume en: La cubierta de la vivienda sirve como unidad que capta las aguas de lluvia, estas van dirigida mediante canales y bajantes a un tanque de almacenamiento con la capacidad suficiente que permita el acopio para luego distribuirlo en la vivienda. El diseño permitió definir inicialmente si el área de cubierta existente y la pluviosidad de la zona son ideales para el sistema, seguido se precisó la forma idónea de canalización de las aguas de lluvia a el tanque de almacenamiento, para este tanque se estudió la localización ideal para él y la capacidad que correspondiente al área de captación y la cantidad de lluvia de la zona t y por último se especificó el recorrido ideal dentro de la vivienda para la distribución del agua almacenada. Con el diseño se logró establecer un sistema de captación ideal que aprovecho las condiciones naturales y socioeconómicas del sector y de los habitantes, se demostró la reducción de la tarifa de agua potable en el cobro del servicio público según los promedios de uso diarios de agua en consumo que no requiere ser apta para consuno. Lo anterior demostró el costo beneficio de implementar el diseño, así como otros beneficios secundarios y el impacto ambiental.The water supply is an activity that man has done for a long time, this in order to be able to satisfy his basic needs of consumption and use. It is in this use where it is necessary to impact the consumption of drinking water with this design, because the use of water in activities such as washing floors, clothes, toilet for use, garden watering and the like, which do not require that it is suitable for consumption, but which is free of bacteria, dirt or heavy metals, to make use of this volume of water from rainwater. On this occasion the design of a system that allows the supply of rainwater for domestic use but not for consumption. To this end, a design was made that allows the collection, channeling, collection and distribution of rainwater. In the study of the area of application of the project was found the need in the inhabitants to take advantage of the high rainfall of the area and also their search to mitigate the expenses in the public service of water; based on this, defined the design of the system, which is summarized in: The housing cover serves as a unit that captures rainwater, these are directed by channels and downspouts to a storage tank with sufficient capacity to allow the collection and then distribute it in the house. The design allowed to define initially if the existing cover area and the rainfall of the area are ideal for the system, followed by the ideal way of channeling the rainwater to the storage tank, for this tank the ideal location was studied for him and the capacity corresponding to the catchment area and the amount of rain of the zone t and finally specified the ideal route inside the house for the distribution of stored water. With the design, it was possible to establish an ideal catchment system that took advantage of the natural and socioeconomic conditions of the sector and the inhabitants, it was demonstrated the reduction of the tariff of potable water in the collection of the public service according to the average of daily use of water in consumption that does not need to be fit for consumption. This demonstrated the cost benefit of implementing the design as well as other secondary benefits and environmental impact

HIV-1 infection inhibition by neem (<em>Azadirachta indica</em> A. Juss.) leaf extracts and Azadirachtin

437-441Mexico is a country with a strong attachment to the using of traditional medicine, which is heritage of pre hispanic ethnic groups of Mexican territory that are still present all across the country. The Mexican markets, dedicated exclusively to trade medicinal plants, have facilitated the using, getting and importation of plants from other regions of the world such as neem, which has been used for many health conditions, both non- communicable and infectious diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, bacterial, parasitic and viral infections, even the infection with human immunodeficiency virus. So that, the objective of this study was to evaluate HIV-1 infection inhibition by neem leaf extracts and neem compounds. Cytotoxicity of aqueous and ethanolic neem leaf extracts and Azadirachtin and Limonene compounds was evaluated in CEM T-cells at concentrations of 1 ppm, 10 ppm (extracts); 1 &mu;M, 10 &mu;M (compounds). Only the aqueous extract concentration of 1 ppm and Azadirachtin at 1 &mu;M and 10 &mu;M concentrations allowed a cell viability of 100 % compared with controls p &gt; 0.05. Based on the results of cytotoxicity we proceeded to evaluate the HIV infection inhibition with the aqueous extract at concentration of 1 ppm and Azadirachtin at both concentrations. Inhibition percentages greater than 50 % were obtained and showed to be significant compared to controls p &lt; 0.001 This work evidenced the HIV infection inhibition by aqueous neem leaf extracts and Azadirachtin; even though, the antiretroviral mechanism is not completely understood. Furthermore, more studies need to be conducted in order to identify the active compound responsible for the anti HIV activity described in the aqueous extract

<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-GB">Effect of neem (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Azadirachta indicia </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic">A. Juss.) leaf extracts in human T lymphocytes</span></span>

219-222<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:="" mangal;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:hi"="" lang="EN-GB">Nowadays some countries provide universal access for the anti-retro-viral therapy for people living with HIV; however, this population for several reasons,&nbsp; only takes traditional and complementary medicine or use it to complement their conventional treatment in order to keep and improve their health, and among the popular herbal remedies used by people living with HIV are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">neem leaf extracts. So that, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of aqueous and ethanolic <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">neem leaf extracts in human T lymphocytes. For the concentration of 1 µL of aqueous extract a cellular viability of 100% was observed, for the concentration of 10 µL of the aqueous extract a massive proliferative effect was observed of 417.89%, and for the concentration of 100 µL of aqueous extract was observed a cellular viability of 26.39%. In the case of the ethanolic extracts, they showed to be cytotoxic since the concentrations of 1 µL, 10 µL and 100 µL reduced the cellular viability to 67.17%, 51.65% and 10.22%, respectively. All the experiments were compared with the control. Due to the fact that some vegetable polymeric proteins, known as lectins such as concanavalin A and phytohaemagglutinin are polyclonal activators, also considered as mitogens due to the fact that they encourage T lymphocytes to commence cell division; we think the mitogenic effect-like that we observed in our aqueous extract may be as a consequence of the presence of lectins in it.</span

Antimicrobial activity and toxicity of plants from northern Mexico

203-207The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial potential of methanolic plant extracts: Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch, Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook. and Grev.) Spring, Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc., and Jatropha dioica Sesse. Plant samples were collected from northern Mexico and the extracts were tested against reference bacteria (RS): Staphylococcus aureus (BAA44) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9180) and clinical isolated bacteria (CB): Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial activity was performed with Steers Replicator, the LD50 was evaluated with Artemia salina bioassay, and a phytochemical screening was done with colorimetric tests. The extracts showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 500 µg/mL and LD50 of 1000 µg/mL. The phytochemical tests were positive for flavonoids, lactones, quinones, triterpenes and sterols . C. illinoensis, S. lepidophillla and J. dioica had high correlations (≥ 0.969) to inhibit the growth of S. aureus (RS and CB), K. pneumoniae (RS) and K. pneumoniae (CB) (p = 0.080, 0.076, 0.016 and 0.029, respectively). The results will contribute to the knowledge of plants used in Mexican traditional medicine