4,404 research outputs found
Primordial Perturbations from Multifield Inflation with Nonminimal Couplings
Realistic models of particle physics include many scalar fields. These fields
generically have nonminimal couplings to the Ricci curvature scalar, either as
part of a generalized Einstein theory or as necessary counterterms for
renormalization in curved background spacetimes. We develop a gauge-invariant
formalism for calculating primordial perturbations in models with multiple
nonminimally coupled fields. We work in the Jordan frame (in which the
nonminimal couplings remain explicit) and identify two distinct sources of
entropy perturbations for such models. One set of entropy perturbations arises
from interactions among the multiple fields. The second set arises from the
presence of nonminimal couplings. Neither of these varieties of entropy
perturbations will necessarily be suppressed in the long-wavelength limit, and
hence they can amplify the curvature perturbation, , even for modes that
have crossed outside the Hubble radius. Models that overproduce long-wavelength
entropy perturbations endanger the close fit between predicted inflationary
spectra and empirical observations.Comment: 16 pages, no figures. References added to match published versio
Recent Immigration to Philadelphia: Regional Change in a Re-Emerging Gateway
Analyzes 1970-2006 trends in the growth and characteristics of the city's immigrant population. Presents data by regional origin, settlement area, arrival year, citizenship status, age, gender, education, and language, and in comparison with other cities
Crop protection in organic agriculture - a simple matter?
This report was presented at the UK Organic Research 2002 Conference. Crop protection strategies in organic agriculture and horticulture aim to prevent pest, disease and weed problems through optimisation of the cropping system as a whole. Choice of crops and varieties within the rotation and use of appropriate husbandry practices are critical to the success of the system and direct curative action against pests and diseases is rarely necessary. Research is urgently needed to determine strategies for control of key pests and diseases in organic systems if UK organic agriculture is to expand to meet increasing consumer demand. This paper describes current prevention and control strategies for pests, diseases and weeds in UK organic agriculture and identifies problems that are currently limiting expansion of the industry
A study of methanol and silicon monoxide production through episodic explosions of grain mantles in the Central Molecular Zone
Methanol (CHOH) is found to be abundant and widespread towards the
Central Molecular Zone, the inner few hundred parsecs of our Galaxy. Its origin
is, however, not fully understood. It was proposed that the high cosmic ray
ionisation rate in this region could lead to a more efficient non-thermal
desorption of this species formed on grain surfaces, but it would also mean
that this species is destroyed in a relatively short timescale. In a first
step, we run chemical models with a high cosmic ray ionisation rate and find
that this scenario can only reproduce the lowest abundances of methanol derived
in this region (10-10). In a second step, we investigate
another scenario based on episodic explosions of grain mantles. We find a good
agreement between the predicted abundances of methanol and the observations. We
find that the dominant route for the formation of methanol is through
hydrogenation of CO on the grains followed by the desorption due to the grain
mantle explosion. The cyclic aspect of this model can explain the widespread
presence of methanol without requiring any additional mechanism. We also model
silicon monoxide (SiO), another species detected in several molecular clouds of
the Galactic Centre. An agreement is found with observations for a high
depletion of Si (Si/H 10) with respect to the solar abundance.Comment: Accepted in MNRA
Entrepreneurial Marketing by Networking
This article advocates that networking is an inherent tool of marketing that is wholly compatible with entrepreneurial decision-making characteristics in relation to marketing activities in SMEs
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