Selection index for simultaneously improving fruit production components of assai palm

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a estratégia seletiva mais adequada para o incremento simultâneo de componentes da produção de frutos em açaizeiro (Euterpe oleracea). Implantou-se um experimento com 25 progênies de meio‑irmãos, no Município de Santa Izabel, PA, tendo-se utilizado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e parcela de cinco plantas. Os índices de seleção de Smith & Hazel, Williams, e Mulamba & Mock foram aplicados em três estratégias seletivas. Foram utilizados, como pesos econômicos, os coeficientes de variação genéticos, a herdabilidade, a razão entre a correlação genética do caráter selecionado com a produção de frutos, e a somatória de todos os caracteres que compõem o índice e a produção de frutos. A ponderação pela razão das correlações permitiu que os índices de seleção discriminassem as melhores progênies nas diferentes estratégias de seleção avaliadas. A seleção simultânea por meio do índice de Mulamba & Mock, quanto ao número de meses em frutificação, ao número de cachos colhidos, à produção de frutos e ao número de ráquilas no cacho, estima ganhos de forma mais robusta.The objective of this work was to determine the most appropriate strategy to simultaneously increase fruit production components of assai palm (Euterpe oleracea). An experiment with 25 half‑sib progenies was carried out in the county of Santa Isabel, PA, Brazil, using a randomized complete block design with four replicates and five plants per plot. The Smith & Hazel, Williams, and Mulamba & Mock’s selection indexes were applied in three selective strategies. The coefficients of genetic variation, heritability, the ratio between the genetic correlation of the trait under selection and fruit yield, and the sum of all genetic correlations between the traits that comprise the index and fruit yield were used as economic weights. Weighting of the correlation ratio allowed the selection indexes to discriminate the best progenies in the different selection strategies evaluated. Simultaneous selection by the Mulamba & Mock index, as to the number of fruiting months, number of bunches harvested, fruit yield, and number of rachilles per bunch, robustly estimates genetic gains

Tamanho de parcela e efeito de bordadura no melhoramento de Urochloa ruziziensis

The objective of this work was to assess the need for a border area and to estimate the optimum plot size in experiments for the evaluation of Urochloa ruziziensis. Plant height and green mass production of eight half‑sib progenies of U. ruziziensis were evaluated in two cuttings. A randomized complete block design was used, with four replicates and 16 m2 plots. Each plot was subdivided into 32 strata of 0.5 m2, with each stratum being considered as a basic unit. To determine the need for a border area, analysis of variance was carried out considering the position of the basic unit in the plot. Estimates of optimum plot size were made by the maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation method and by the resampling method. The use of borders does not affect the mean performance and classification of the half‑sib progenies evaluated. The use of 3 m2 plots is enough to obtain good experimental accuracy in an experiment with half‑sib progenies of U. ruziziensis.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a necessidade de bordadura e estimar o tamanho ótimo de parcela em experimentos para avaliação de Urochloa ruziziensis. Foram avaliadas a altura das plantas e a produção de massa verde de oito progênies de meio‑irmãos de U. ruziziensis, em dois cortes. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e parcelas de 16 m2. Cada parcela foi subdividida em 32 estratos de 0,5 m2, sendo cada estrato considerado como uma unidade básica. Para determinar a necessidade de bordadura, foi realizada análise de variância, tendo-se considerado a posição da unidade básica na parcela. As estimativas do tamanho ótimo da parcela foram realizadas pelo método da máxima curvatura do coeficiente de variação e pelo método da reamostragem. O uso de bordaduras não altera o desempenho médio e a classificação das progênies de meio‑irmãos avaliadas. O emprego de parcelas com 3 m2 é suficiente para obter boa precisão experimental em experimento com progênies de meio‑irmãos de U. ruziziensis.

Correlações genéticas e análise de trilha para componentes da produção de frutos de açaizeiro Genetic correlations and path analysis for yield fruits components of assai palm

O conhecimento das correlações genéticas entre os principais caracteres utilizados no melhoramento de plantas serve de base para delinear estratégias otimizadas de seleção. O procedimento da análise de trilha permite refinar essas correlações, desdobrando-as em efeitos diretos e indiretos sobre o caráter principal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desdobrar as correlações genéticas de caracteres relativos ao cacho e à produção de frutos em progênies de meios-irmãos de açaizeiro em efeitos diretos e indiretos sobre a produção total de frutos, a fim de verificar a melhor estratégia de seleção para obtenção de progênies mais produtivas. Foi instalado um experimento com 25 progênies de meios-irmãos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e parcela de cinco plantas. Os dados dos anos agrícolas de 2005, 2006 e 2007 foram analisados pelo enfoque de modelos mistos, e as correlações genéticas, submetidas à análise de trilha. A produção de frutos correlacionou-se ao número de meses em produção, número total de cacho, peso de frutos por cacho e ao número de ráquilas por cacho. No entanto, pela análise de trilha, apenas o peso de frutos por cacho, o número de cachos e o número de ráquilas por cacho mostram-se como os principais determinantes na variação da produção de frutos de açaizeiro. Dentre esses caracteres, o número de ráquilas por cacho é o menos influenciado pelo ambiente e, portanto, mais promissor para obter ganhos indiretos na produção total de frutos.The knowledge of the genetics correlations among the main characters used in plant breeding helps to elaborate optimized strategies of selection. The procedure of path analysis allows refining these correlations and partitioning them into direct and indirect effects on a main variable. The objective of this study was to partition the genetic correlations of traits concerning to bunch and yield of half-sib progenies into direct and indirect effects on total fruit production. It was installed an experiment with 25 half-sib progenies in random blocks with four repetitions and linear plots of five plants. The data obtained over the crop years 2005, 2006 and 2007 was analyzed by mixed models approach and genetics correlations submitted to path analysis. The fruits production showed correlation with number of months in production, total number of bunch, fruit weight per bunch and number of rachilles per bunch. However, by path analysis, the main determinants characters of variation on fruit production of assai palm were fruits weight per bunch, number of bunches and number of rachilles per bunch. Among these characters, the number of rachilles per bunch is less affected by the environment, and therefore, is the most promising for indirect gains in total fruit production

Chondrosarcoma metastasis simulating a primary stomach tumor: a case report

Gastric tumors are an important cause of cancer deaths. The main type is the primary gastric adenocarcinoma, and rarely secondary metastatic implants can be present. A 79-years-old woman sought medical attention due to a complaint of epigastralgia, unintentional weight loss, two cases of melena in the past two months, and a prior history of a chondrosarcoma of the thigh treated 13 years before. A neoplastic lesion was detected at the stomach during evaluation, and a gastrectomy was opted as a treatment. The immunohistochemical evaluation was compatible with a chondrosarcoma metastatic implant on the stomach. The patient obtained a survival superior to 5 years after surgery. Only one case of gastric metastasis from chondrosarcoma was described in the literature. We observed a great benefit in the use of surgical resection of the gastric lesion, showing that surgery may be considered in selected individuals with chondrosarcoma metastasis

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data