4,668 research outputs found
Emerging technologies for the non-invasive characterization of physical-mechanical properties of tablets
The density, porosity, breaking force, viscoelastic properties, and the presence or absence of any structural defects or irregularities are important physical-mechanical quality attributes of popular solid dosage forms like tablets. The irregularities associated with these attributes may influence the drug product functionality. Thus, an accurate and efficient characterization of these properties is critical for successful development and manufacturing of a robust tablets. These properties are mainly analyzed and monitored with traditional pharmacopeial and non-pharmacopeial methods. Such methods are associated with several challenges such as lack of spatial resolution, efficiency, or sample-sparing attributes. Recent advances in technology, design, instrumentation, and software have led to the emergence of newer techniques for non-invasive characterization of physical-mechanical properties of tablets. These techniques include near infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray microtomography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, terahertz pulsed imaging, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, and various acoustic- and thermal-based techniques. Such state-of-the-art techniques are currently applied at various stages of development and manufacturing of tablets at industrial scale. Each technique has specific advantages or challenges with respect to operational efficiency and cost, compared to traditional analytical methods. Currently, most of these techniques are used as secondary analytical tools to support the traditional methods in characterizing or monitoring tablet quality attributes. Therefore, further development in the instrumentation and software, and studies on the applications are necessary for their adoption in routine analysis and monitoring of tablet physical-mechanical properties
The enhancement of the aqueous solubility of ritonavir via formulation of a drug-phospholipid complex
Objective: To evaluate the enhancement of aqueous solubility of a poorly water soluble drug ritonavir by forming its complex with a phospholipid (Phospholipon®90H)
Electronic properties of buried hetero-interfaces of LaAlO3 on SrTiO3
We have made very thin films of LaAlO3 on TiO2 terminated SrTiO3 and have
measured the properties of the resulting interface in various ways. Transport
measurements show a maximum sheet carrier density of 1016 cm-2 and a mobility
around 104 cm2 V-1 s-1. In situ ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS)
indicates that for these samples a finite density of states exists at the Fermi
level. From the oxygen pressure dependence measured in both transport as well
as the UPS, we detail, as reported previously by us, that oxygen vacancies play
an important role in the creation of the charge carriers and that these
vacancies are introduced by the pulsed laser deposition process used to make
the heterointerfaces. Under the conditions studied the effect of LaAlO3 on the
carrier density is found to be minimal.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figure
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The growth of central and satellite galaxies in cosmological smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations
We examine the accretion and merger histories of central and satellite galaxies in a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) cosmological simulation that resolves galaxies down to 7 × 109 M⊙. Most friends-of-friends haloes in the simulation have a distinct central galaxy, typically 2–5 times more massive than the most massive satellite. As expected, satellites have systematically higher assembly redshifts than central galaxies of the same baryonic mass, and satellites in more massive haloes form earlier. However, contrary to the simplest expectations, satellite galaxies continue to accrete gas and convert it to stars; the gas accretion declines steadily over a period of 0.5–1 Gyr after the satellite halo merges with a larger parent halo. Satellites in a cluster mass halo eventually begin to lose baryonic mass. Typically, satellites in our simulation are 0.1–0.2 mag bluer than in models that assume no gas accretion on to satellites after a halo merger. Since z= 1, 27 per cent of central galaxies (above 3 × 1010 M⊙) and 22 per cent of present-day satellite galaxies have merged with a smaller system above a 1:4 mass ratio; about half of the satellite mergers occurred after the galaxy became a satellite and half before. In effect, satellite galaxies can remain ‘central’ objects of halo substructures, with continuing accretion and mergers, making the transition in assembly histories and physical properties a gradual one. Implementing such a gradual transformation in semi-analytic models would improve their agreement with observed colour distributions of satellite galaxies in groups and with the observed colour dependence of galaxy clustering
Automatic Generation of CNC Part Program for Cylindrical Components from DXF File
his paper describes the methodology for the automatic
extraction of the co ordinates from dxf file and generation
of CNC part program for the cylindrical components. The paper
uses the method discussed in the survey for the extraction of the
co ordinate from dxf file and recognition of some basic feature
like horizontal line, vertical line and inclined line. After collecting
the co ordinates the algorithm is developed to arrange these
coordinate to write a CNC part program. While arranging the
co ordinate, sequences of the features are also considered so that
it will be useful in creating tool motion. For writing a CNC part
program, the practical aspect like depth of cut is also considered
and sequence of features are also taken care so that proper
tool path is generated. his paper describes the methodology for
the automatic extraction of the co ordinates from dxf file and
generation of CNC part program for the cylindrical components.
The paper uses the method discussed in the survey for the
extraction of the co ordinate from dxf file and recognition of
some basic feature like horizontal line, vertical line and inclined
line. After collecting the co ordinates the algorithm is developed
to arrange these coordinate to write a CNC part program. While
arranging the co ordinate, sequences of the features are also
considered so that it will be useful in creating tool motion. For
writing a CNC part program, the practical aspect like depth of
cut is also considered and sequence of features are also taken
care so that proper tool path is generated
Surveillance of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the state of Gujarat, India
BACKGROUND: Limited information about the prevalence
of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) has been reported
from India, the country with the world’s highest burden
of TB. We conducted a representative state-wide survey
in the state of Gujarat (2005 population: 56 million).
METHODS: Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from
a representative sample of new and previously treated
smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB) cases were subjected
to drug susceptibility testing (DST) against fi rst-line drugs
at a World Health Organization supranational reference
laboratory. Isolates found to have at least both isoniazid
(INH) and rifampicin (RMP) resistance (i.e., multidrugresistant
TB [MDR-TB]) were subjected to second-line
DST.
RESULTS: Of 1571 isolates from new patients, 1236
(78.7%) were susceptible to all fi rst-line drugs, 173 (11%)
had any INH resistance and MDR-TB was found in 37
(2.4%, 95%CI 1.6–3.1). Of 1047 isolates from previously
treated patients, 564 (54%) were susceptible to all
fi rst-line drugs, 387 (37%) had any INH resistance and
MDR-TB was found in 182 (17.4%, 95%CI 15.0–19.7%).
Among 216 MDR-TB isolates, 52 (24%) were ofl oxacin
(OFX) resistant; seven cases of extensively drug-resistant
TB (XDR-TB) were found, all of whom were previously
treated cases.
CONCLUSION: MDR-TB prevalence remains low among
new TB patients in Gujarat, but is more common among
previously treated patients. Among MDR-TB isolates,
the alarmingly high prevalence of OFX resistance may
threaten the success of the expanding efforts to treat
and control MDR-TB
The Low Redshift Lyman Alpha Forest in Cold Dark Matter Cosmologies
We study the physical origin of the low-redshift Lyman alpha forest in
hydrodynamic simulations of four CDM cosmologies. Our main conclusions are
insensitive to the cosmological model but depend on our assumption that the UV
background declines at low redshift. We find that the expansion of the universe
drives rapid evolution of dN/dz (the number of absorbers per unit z) at z >
1.7, but that at lower redshift the fading of the UV background counters the
influence of expansion, leading to slow evolution. At every redshift, weaker
lines come primarily from moderate fluctuations of the diffuse, unshocked IGM,
and stronger lines originate in shocked or radiatively cooled gas of higher
overdensity. However, the neutral hydrogen column density associated with
structures of fixed overdensity drops as the universe expands, so an absorber
at z = 0 is dynamically analogous to an absorber with neutral hydrogen column
density 10 to 50 times higher at z = 2-3. We find no clear distinction between
lines arising in "galaxy halos" and lines arising in larger scale structures;
however, galaxies tend to lie near the dense regions of the IGM that produce
strong Lyman alpha lines. The simulations provide a unified physical picture
that accounts for the most distinctive observed properties of the low redshift
Lyman alpha forest: (1) a sharp transition in the evolution of dN/dz at z ~
1.7, (2) stronger evolution for absorbers of higher equivalent width, (3) a
correlation of increasing Lyman alpha equivalent width with decreasing galaxy
impact parameter, and (4) a tendency for stronger lines to arise in close
proximity to galaxies while weaker lines trace more diffuse large scale
structure. (Abridged)Comment: 57 pages, 18 figures, submitted to Ap
Morpho-histogenic studies of the fruit wall of Argemone mexicanaL. (papaveraceae)
The spiny capsule of Argemone mexicanadevelops from a unilocular ovary with numerous ovules borne on pariteal placentae. The ovary wall comprises a layer of outer epidermis and inner epidermis each with 12 to 14 layered ground parenchyma or mesoderm in between. The epicarp, which develops from the outer epidermis of the developing pericarp, possesses numerous anomocytic type of stomata, but no trichomes. The deep lyind mesodermal layers from the mesocarp, which embed pericarpic vascular bundles and their tangentially extended ramifications. The thin walled and highly vacuolated mesocarpic cells undergo disorganisation at the maturity of fruit. The tangentially elongated cells of inner epidermis of ovary from the endocarp, which at maturity of the fruit possesses thick walled cells. The cells of placentum of developing fruit contain abundant starch. Due to the contraction of disorganised parenchyma cells, the dried fruit, leaving the marginal veins and persistent stigma, dechisces at its apical region
Large-scale structure in the Lyman-alpha forest II: analysis of a group of ten QSOs
The spatial distribution of Ly-alpha forest absorption systems towards ten
QSOs has been analysed to search for large-scale structure over the redshift
range 2.2 < z < 3.4. The QSOs form a closely spaced group on the sky and are
concentrated within a 1 deg^2 field. We have employed a technique based on the
first and second moments of the transmission probability density function which
is capable of identifying and assessing the significance of regions of over- or
underdense Ly-alpha absorption. We find evidence for large-scale structure in
the distribution of Ly-alpha forest absorption at the > 99 per cent confidence
level. In individual spectra we find overdense Ly-alpha absorption on scales of
up to 1200 km s^-1. There is also strong evidence for correlated absorption
across line of sight pairs separated by < 3 h^-1 proper Mpc (q_0 = 0.5). For
larger separations the cross-correlation signal becomes progressively less
significant.Comment: 15 pages, LaTeX, 6 Postscript figures, accepted for publication in
MNRA
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