Keep on Keeping On : African Americans and the Implementation of Brown v. Board of Education in Virginia

This chapter examines African American efforts to implement the Brown decision in Virginia. While considering how government officials, segregationist organizations, and white supporters influenced the implementation process, this study focuses on how the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and its supporters in Virginia sought to bring about school desegregation in the state. Blending African American, southern, legal, and civil rights history, the story sheds new light on the school desegregation process and the early years of the civil rights movement in Virginia

Oral History as Inquiry: Using Digital Oral History Collections to Teach School Desegregation

A body of literature in both history and history education indicates that when it comes to contemporary historical issues, oral history is one of the essential sources to investigate the past, particularly as a source for “history from below,” experiences of those who were undocumented or ill-recorded. Most of all, with new digital technologies, oral histories are more accessible than ever to those who are interested in using them in their research and teaching. This article uses the topic of school desegregation as a case study to highlight the value of oral histories as a historical methodology for studying the past and a pedagogical tool for teaching

Recovering a Lost Story Using Oral History: The United States Supreme Court\u27s Historic Green v. New Kent County, Virginia, Decision

In 1965, New Kent County, located just east of Richmond, Virginia, became the setting for the one of the most important school desegregation cases since Brown v. Board of Education. Ten years after the U.S. Supreme Court declared separate but equal unconstitutional, both public schools in New Kent, the George W. Watkins School for blacks and the New Kent School for whites, remained segregated. In 1965, however, local blacks and the Virginia State NAACP initiated a legal challenge to segregated schools, hoping to initiate desegregation where the process had yet to begin and to accelerate the process in areas where token desegregation was the norm. In 1968, the U.S. Supreme Court decision inCharles C. Green v. the School Board of New Kent County forced New Kent County and localities across the state and nation to fulfill the promise of Brown. While the case has been part of the court records since it was decided in 1968, it has remained largely unknown to the general public and many scholars of the era. This article is an attempt to use the tool of oral history to present the people and the story behind Green v. New Kent County and to add another piece to the puzzle that was school desegregation in this country

Dissipation and fragmentation of low-Q^2 scattered partons in Au-Au collisions at RHIC

Two-particle correlations and event-wise fluctuations in transverse momentum p_t are reported for Au-Au collisions at sqrt{s_{NN}} = 62 and 200 GeV on pseudorapidity (eta) and azimuth (phi). Distributions of all pairs of particles (no leading trigger particle) reveal jet-like correlations, or peaks at pair-wise opening angles of order 1 radian or less. The width of this same-side correlation peak increases dramatically on pseudorapidity and decreases on azimuth for increasing collision centrality. Evolution of the same-side peak with centrality suggests dissipation of low-Q^2 partons via strong coupling to an expanding bulk medium. p_t correlations, which provide access to temperature and/or velocity distributions in the colliding system, are also presented.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, conference poster write-u

Angular Correlations in STAR

The related studies of two-particle correlations and event-by-event fluctuations have played important roles in the search for new physics through the experimental study of relativistic heavy ion collisions. We present a general method of determining minimum-bias two-particle correlations and show the relationship between these correlations and event-by-event fluctuations. Data from the STAR experiment at RHIC for Au-Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 62 and 200 GeV will be presented that show the energy and centrality dependences of angular correlations. This analysis provides a unique method for studying the interaction of semi-hard scattered partons with the dense medium produced at RHIC as well as properties of the bulk medium itself, and will shed new light on the sources of non-statistical fluctuations

Design issues of a reinforcement-based self-learning fuzzy controller for petrochemical process control

Fuzzy logic controllers have some often-cited advantages over conventional techniques such as PID control, including easier implementation, accommodation to natural language, and the ability to cover a wider range of operating conditions. One major obstacle that hinders the broader application of fuzzy logic controllers is the lack of a systematic way to develop and modify their rules; as a result the creation and modification of fuzzy rules often depends on trial and error or pure experimentation. One of the proposed approaches to address this issue is a self-learning fuzzy logic controller (SFLC) that uses reinforcement learning techniques to learn the desirability of states and to adjust the consequent part of its fuzzy control rules accordingly. Due to the different dynamics of the controlled processes, the performance of a self-learning fuzzy controller is highly contingent on its design. The design issue has not received sufficient attention. The issues related to the design of a SFLC for application to a petrochemical process are discussed, and its performance is compared with that of a PID and a self-tuning fuzzy logic controller

A Review of the Sacroiliac Joint

Low back pain is one of the leading causes of lost productivity at work and disability in the United States. There are many factors thought to be involved in this diagnosis. These include intervertebral disc problems, mechanical dysfunctions, muscle sprains, ligament strains, and infectious diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and tuberculosis. One area often overlooked in the diagnosis of low back pain is the sacroiliac joint. There is much controversy surrounding the function of this joint. Although some clinicians question if there is any movement at all, many manual therapists evaluate this area in their daily practice and believe that appreciable motion does exist. Because of its orientation, the sacroiliac joint is difficult to visualize clearly with radiographic techniques. This increases the difficulty of diagnosing pathology in this area. However, with careful clinical testing procedures performed by experienced therapists, many believe they can isolate sacroiliac dysfunction. The purpose of this study is to describe pathological conditions of the sacroiliac joint. The procedure used will be a literature review to include the anatomy, function, and motion, and will attempt to explain some diagnostic procedures used to confirm dysfunction at this joint. The results will be useful for physical therapy clinicians in diagnosing and treating sacroiliac dysfunction