A record production from an integrated farming system utilising sewage enriched water

The results of experiments conducted on a pond dyke (655m²) in the Wastewater Aquaculture Division of the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Rahara, during 1992-93 for maximising production through optimum utilisation of resources are communicated. Round the year intensive cultivation of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus and A. viridus), water-bind weed (Ipomea aquatica), Indian spinach (Basella rubra), radish (Raphanus sativum), amaranth (Amaranthus viridis), cauliflower (Brassica oleracia var. votrytis), cabbage (Brassica oleracia var. capitota) and papaya (Carica papaya) was undertaken using the treated sewage water from fish ponds for irrigation. The pond dyke yielded 5,626.5 kg vegetable which worked out to 85.9 tons per ha per year. Multiple cropping with these vegetables excluding papaya on a 460 m² dyke recorded a production of 4,926.5 kg at the rate of 107.1t per ha/yr. An improved yearly net return of about 35% over investment could be achieved through the selection of highly productive and pest resistant vegetable crops of longer duration for integration into the system. Introduction of this type of integrated farming would enhance the overall productivity and returns from farming

Utilisation of vegetable leaves for carp production

The results of two sets of experiments on mono-culture of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and mixed culture of carps (grass carp 50 : catla 20 : rohu 15 : mrigal 15) fed exclusively with vegetable leaves are reported. The experiments were conducted with two replicates each in 0.02 ha ponds of Wastewater Aquaculture Division of the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Rahara during 1991-93. Monoculture of grass carp stocked at 1000/ha demonstrated an average net production of 21.0 kg/ 0.02 ha/8 months (1501 kg/ha/yr). Mixed culture of carps stocked at 5000 /ha recorded an average net production of 22.5 kg/0.02 ha/8 months (1903.7 kg/ha/yr). Field studies revealed that water bind weed (Ipomoea aquatica) is the most preferred feed of grass carp amongst vegetable leaves followed by amaranths (Amaranthus gangeticus and Amaranthus viridis), cauliflower (Brassica oleracia var. votrytis) and cabbage (Brassica oleracia var. capitata) leaves. Through selection of highly productive leaf vegetables and suitable crop planning on fallow fish pond dykes, round the year feeding programme of grass carp has been explored. Recycling of sewage effluent for vegetable production and utilisation of vegetable leaves for fish production is considered an ideal way of integrated resource management for low cost production

Arsenic level in the surface wastewaters of Kolkata and its implication on sewage-fed fisheries

Arsenic pollution is a major threat in eastern India and Bangladesh. In Kolkata, sewage-fed fishery is a very popular culture. Wastewater of Kolkata city is diluted with freshwater and used in sewage-fed fish ponds. In the present study the arsenic concentration in the surface wastewater from forty-four different places of southern, eastern, western and norther parts of Kolkata was estimated. In fifteen places, the arsenic level was higher than the allowed limit (0.20 mg/l). But the arsenic level in the waters, sediment of fish culture ponds and in fish flesh of sewage-fed fisheries of Kolkata was below the maximum limit. So, till date there is no threat from arsenic pollution to the sewage-fed fisheries of Kolkata

Rearing of Labeo bata in sewage-fed fish culture pond

Labeo bata is a highly priced fish which commanding good consumer preference, even if the size is very small (15 to 20 g each), especially in West Bengal. With a view to evaluating the culture potential of this fish, repeated experiments were conducted at the Wastewater Aquaculture Division of the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Rahara, West Bengal, during 1991-93 in ponds fed with treated domestic sewage effluent. An average production of 1270.63 kg per ha was obtained within 6 to 10 months for a uniform stocking density of 50,000 seed per ha. The average size attained by the fish in the different sets of experiments varied from 23.3 to 37.9 g as against the initial weight of 0.096 to 0.193 g. Details of management, growth, survival, quantity of sewage used and pond nutrient status and productivity are dealt with in this communication

Chemokine receptor trio: CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 crosstalk via CXCL11 and CXCL12.

Although chemokines are well established to function in immunity and endothelial cell activation and proliferation, a rapidly growing literature suggests that CXC Chemokine receptors CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR7 are critical in the development and progression of solid tumors. The effect of these chemokine receptors in tumorigenesis is mediated via interactions with shared ligands I-TAC (CXCL11) and SDF-1 (CXCL12). Over the last decade, CXCR4 has been extensively reported to be overexpressed in most human solid tumors and has earned considerable attention toward elucidating its role in cancer metastasis. To enrich the existing armamentarium of anti-cancerous agents, many inhibitors of CXCL12-CXCR4 axis have emerged as additional or alternative agents for neo-adjuvant treatments and even many of them are in preclinical and clinical stages of their development. However, the discovery of CXCR7 as another receptor for CXCL12 with rather high binding affinity and recent reports about its involvement in cancer progression, has questioned the potential of "selective blockade" of CXCR4 as cancer chemotherapeutics. Interestingly, CXCR7 can also bind another chemokine CXCL11, which is an established ligand for CXCR3. Recent reports have documented that CXCR3 and their ligands are overexpressed in different solid tumors and regulate tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, it is important to consider the interactions and crosstalk between these three chemokine receptors and their ligand mediated signaling cascades for the development of effective anti-cancer therapies. Emerging evidence also indicates that these receptors are differentially expressed in tumor endothelial cells as well as in cancer stem cells, suggesting their direct role in regulating tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. In this review, we will focus on the signals mediated by this receptor trio via their shared ligands and their role in tumor growth and progression

Quantum Dissension: Generalizing Quantum Discord for Three-Qubit States

We introduce the notion of quantum dissension for a three-qubit system as a measure of quantum correlations. We use three equivalent expressions of three-variable mutual information. Their differences can be zero classically but not so in quantum domain. It generalizes the notion of quantum discord to a multipartite system. There can be multiple definitions of the dissension depending on the nature of projective measurements done on the subsystems. As an illustration, we explore the consequences of these multiple definitions and compare them for three-qubit pure and mixed GHZ and W states. We find that unlike discord, dissension can be negative. This is because measurement on a subsystem may enhance the correlations in the rest of the system. This approach can pave a way to generalize the notion of quantum correlations in the multiparticle setting.Comment: 9 pages 6 figures typo fixed and some arguments adde

Anomalous Single Production of the Fourth Generation Neutrino at Future ep Colliders

Possible single productions of the fourth standard model generation neutrino via anomalous interactions at the future ep colliders are studied. Signatures of such anomalous processes and backgrounds are discussed in detail. Discovery limits for neutrino mass and achievable values of anomalous coupling strength are determined.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, 5 table

Synchronization Algorithms on Oriented Chains

We present a space- and time-optimal self-stabilizing algorithm, SSDS, for a given synchronization problem on asynchronous oriented chains. SSDS is uniform and works under the unfair distributed daemon. From SSDS we derive solutions for the local mutual exclusion and distributed sorting. Algorithm SSDS can also be used to obtain optimal space solutions for other problems such as broadcasting, leader election, and mutual exclusion

Separation of Circulating Tokens

Self-stabilizing distributed control is often modeled by token abstractions. A system with a single token may implement mutual exclusion; a system with multiple tokens may ensure that immediate neighbors do not simultaneously enjoy a privilege. For a cyber-physical system, tokens may represent physical objects whose movement is controlled. The problem studied in this paper is to ensure that a synchronous system with m circulating tokens has at least d distance between tokens. This problem is first considered in a ring where d is given whilst m and the ring size n are unknown. The protocol solving this problem can be uniform, with all processes running the same program, or it can be non-uniform, with some processes acting only as token relays. The protocol for this first problem is simple, and can be expressed with Petri net formalism. A second problem is to maximize d when m is given, and n is unknown. For the second problem, the paper presents a non-uniform protocol with a single corrective process.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures, epsf and pstricks in LaTe