A Comparison Between the Permanent Settlements of the Ilkhanid and Mongol Emperors Based on the Prefixes Used in Manuscripts

Seasonal settlements of the Mongol rulers fall into the two general classes of temporary and permanent settlements, which were scattered across the territory under their influence. According to historical reports and archaeological documents, permanent settlements were constructed using building materials in certain Yaylaqs (summer quarters) and Qishlaqs (winter quarters) or on the outskirts of urban centers, and were periodically used by Mongol rulers. Historical texts from the Ilkhanid period use three different names of Qarshi, Kushk and Saray to refer to such settlements, highlighting the differing structures of the pertaining settlements. The present study aims to offer a classification for permanent settlements of the Mongol and Ilkhanid rulers via semantically and functionally interpreting the terms Qarshi, Kushk and Saray. To this end, apart from archaeological documents, Chinese terms referring to the permanent settlements of the Mongol rulers are invoked. The results of this analytical-historical research show that in light of the prefixes used in the Persian texts deriving from the Ilkhanid period, the permanentsettlements of the Mongol empires and Ilkhans split into two categories: Saray and Kushk. Sarays were a series of ceremonial buildings located mostly in the main cities or important seasonal residences and are comparable to the Gongchengs of the Mongols in China. Kushk mainly denoted a midway residence, where the sole existing building was a single Kushk or Qarshi

A Convenient Catalytic Method for the Synthesis of Pyridines with Henna and Pyrazole Moieties using Cooperative Vinylogous Anomeric-Based Oxidation

In this work, [Fe3O4@SiO2(CH2)3][DABCO-H][C(CN)3]2 was prepared, identified by various analyses such as FT-IR, EDX, SEM coupled EDX (SEM mapping), XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, TGA, DTG, ICP and VSM and used as a nanomagnetic catalyst for the synthesis of henna-based benzopyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolindiones via cooperative vinylogous anomeric based oxidation under solvent-free condition. Some of these products are new and reported for the first time.We thank the Bu-Ali Sina University, the Hamedan University of Technology, and Iran National Science Foundation [(INSF), Grant Number: 98001912) for financial support to our research group