The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia

By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization’s decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages

Stabilization of Linear Hyperbolic Systems of Balance Laws with Measurement Errors

International audienceThis chapter considers the feedback stabilization of partial differential equations described by linear balance laws when the measurements are subjected to disturbances. Compared to our previous work on robust stabilization of linear hyper-bolic systems, the presence of source terms in the system description complicates the analysis. We first consider the case of static controllers, and provide conditions on system data and feedback gain which result in stability of the closed-loop system, and robustness with respect to measurement errors. Motivated by the applications where it is of interest to bound the maximum norm of the state trajectory, we also study feedback stabilization with dynamic controllers. Conditions in terms of matrix inequalities are proposed which lead to robust stability of the closed-loop system in the presence of measurement errors in the feedback. As an application, we study the problem of quantized control, where the quantization error plays the role of disturbance in the measurements. The simulations for an academic example are reported as an illustration of our theoretical results