Microwave assisted cross-coupling reactions using palladium nanoparticles in aqueous media

<p>Glucose stabilized palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) have been prepared and the application of NPs in catalyzing both Suzuki and Heck reactions has been explored in aqueous media under microwave conditions. Both electron-rich and electron-deficient aryl halides can be coupled with a variety of boronic acids and styrene to access a wide variety of biaryl compounds and substituted alkenes in good to excellent yields. The catalyst can be recycled and reused four times with minimally affecting the morphology and efficiency of the nanoparticles. A plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed.</p

In vivo experiments demonstrate the potent antileishmanial efficacy of repurposed suramin in visceral leishmaniasis

Background: Treatment failure and resistance to the commonly used drugs remains a major obstacle for successful chemotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Since the development of novel therapeutics involves exorbitant costs, the effectiveness of the currently available antitrypanosomatid drug suramin has been investigated as an antileishmanial, specifically for VL,in vitro and in animal model experiments. Methodology/Principal: Leishmania donovani promastigotes were treated with suramin and studies were performed to determine the extent and mode of cell mortality, cell cycle arrest and other in vitro parameters. In addition, L. donovani infected BALB/c mice were administered suramin and a host of immunological parameters determined to estimate the antileishmanial potency of the drug. Finally, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and enzymatic assays were used to probe the interaction of the drug with one of its putative targets namely parasitic phosphoglycerate kinase (LmPGK). Findings: The in vitro studies revealed the potential efficacy of suramin against the Leishmania parasite. This observation was further substantiated in the in vivo murine model, which demonstrated that upon suramin administration, the Leishmania infected BALB/c mice were able to reduce the parasitic burden and also generate the host protective immunological responses. ITC and enzyme assays confirmed the binding and consequent inhibition of LmPGK due to the drug. Conclusions/Significance: All experiments affirmed the efficacy of suramin against L. donovani infection, which could possibly lead to its inclusion in the repertoire of drugs against VL

Comparative Study of Mathematical Model Applications on the Amount of N-P-K Fertilizer Absorbed to Meet the Best Yield Data of Paddy (Rice) Cultivation

Soil-based test studying prevailing to so many crops in Vindhyan alluvial plains from 2001 to 2004 has shown result of production on special rice crop (IR-36) by testing leveraging on soil stoichiometric testing and recommended balanced fertilizers and organic matter amelioration by application for the niche area of impact to targeted yield of paddy crop. The results confirm that soil micro-flora and micro-organisms speed up aeration, drainage, and the best crumby structures, resulting in embryonic fertility and support for crop plants' profuse and vigorous growth through the best soil texture under various agro-climatological divisions in particular. Preliminary and secondary data are calculated after administration of research questionnaire, structure, queue, flow and research objectives, first hand data fulfilment through field tour and experimental block designs under study in paddy-based ecosystem of control and treatment blocks. Nutrients and fertilizers are required for specific accelerated productivity of paddy crop by using control and treatment with specific fertilisers, which is organized in the old mathematical model of [CF (%)] and [CS (%)] gradient.&nbsp; Data in relation to studies of nutrient percentage recommended model development through incursion into stoichiometric trends, analysis, models, algorithms, principles/procedures and quantisation. Regression formulae support the experimental design blocks. Studies by experimental design of blocks replication and finding of experimentations on different mathematical models led to outcome of best efficient recommended fertilizers dose to enrich/replenish the gap of inadequate fertilizers to the paddy (rice) crop to touch our targeted yield of rice crops. Analytical&nbsp;&nbsp; trends and comparison experimentation sheet led to the effort for how much quantity fertilizers are actually needed for paddy crop growth by applying mathematical quantization and qualitative. Under experimental controls, originality of this innovative findings, this research supports systems approach for simplicity, spirituality and sustainability. We have used different mathematical models and three methods and comparing it with traditional method to show the better result of yield data of paddy crop

Impact of Value Addition Trainings on Farm Women of Nayagarh District of Odisha

Value addition in agriculture predominantly offers a means to increase, rejuvenate and stabilize farm income. Value addition specifically to fruits and vegetables not only enhance the shelf life of the produce but also make it available in the off- season and reduces seasonal peak production loss. As the farm women are mostly involved in post harvest operation they need to be trained in this sector. Krishi Vigyan Kendra Nayagarh in its training programme always tried to aware and educate the farm women in this value addition sector.The study reported here explored, to what extent the training programmes of value addition specifically in fruits and vegetable had been changing the farm women’s perceived knowledge ,acquisition of skills and level of adoption of value addition practices. The results exemplified the impact of value addition trainings in instilling positive orientation in terms of the magnitude of perceived knowledge, acquisition of skills and adoption levels. Moreover, the findings of the study revealed significant positive correlation between the demographic characteristics with the perceived knowledge, skill acquisition and adoption level of value addition practices of the rural women of the sampled area

Study of Integrated Crop-targeted Production Efficient Fertilizer Uptake Response

The targeted pattern of multi-crops in investigation, control and treatment blocks emphasize on different crops or integrated approach to farming system in same field at temporal shift in cropping season. Studies and researches through programmes on “Integrated Farming System” paves and does incursion towards re-engineering process in plans and programme structure under farming systems mode. This gamut of framework led to neo institutional birth, through rigorous investigations of past models, approaches, plans, systems by analysis of productivity, viability and constraints prevailing. Designs of resource efficient, efficacious, economic farming system models and proto-modules for different farming scenario have been developed, in temporal dimensional shift of Kharif, Rabi and Zaid. Stoichiometric analysis-based use of balanced uptake fertilizers is done to meet the targeted productivity. Regression analysis and optimization models, equations, quasi-newton method and Jacobi method, amongst others , and conditions and constraints further give boost towards targeted yield productivity of integrated crops in contingency, feasibility and brisk growth , developmental choice models for thriving and succeeding in agriculture scenario through rolling a successful agricultural Integrated Farming System model and approach, with systems intelligence , thinking and technology at core of heart driving simplicity, spirituality and sustainability of global flat world agricultural productivity, in sync and harmony with mother earth

A novel and expeditious approach to unusual spirolactam building blocks

A rapid access to 7-azaspiro[4.5]decan-6-ones 1 involving three regio- and chemoselective reactions starting from tetrabromonorbornyl derivatives is described. The alkaline H2O2 cleavage reaction of monosubstituted α-diketones 9 furnished the potential bridged bicyclic lactones 10 in a highly regio- and stereoselective manner. The radical-mediated, intermolecular bridgehead C-C bond formation of the versatile bridged lactones 10 with acrylonitrile followed by LAH reduction of the adduct 13 intriguingly leads to the formation of novel spirolactam building blocks 1

Formal Financial Services for Rural Small Savers: A Case Study of Orissa, India

Preference of the small savers varies across the markets. Yet, generally they opt for easily accessible and security of funds. Informal financial services appear to be much ahead the formal ones both in terms of accessibility and security in catering to the needs of the rural small savers. What constrains them in going for formal small saving? Some issues are examined in this article.financial services, rural India, rural savers

Amino-Acid-Derived Naphthalenediimides as Versatile G-Quadruplex Binders

The design and synthesis of water soluble, amino-acid-functionalised naphthalenediimides (NDIs) as potential ligands of native G-quadruplexes is reported. The NDIs were tested on a panel of oncogene promoters, on the human telomeric sequence h-telo, and on double-stranded DNA. Out of the ligands tested, NDI 3 (Nϵ-Boc-l-lysine NDI) exhibited a highly discriminating nature by only stabilising the oncogene promoter c-kit2, which is up-regulated up to 80 % in ovarian, gastrointestinal, and breast malignancies.</p

Diastereoselection during allylindium addition to norbornyl α-diketones

We report a highly regio- and diastereoselective allylindium addition to norbornyl α-diketones that leads to acyloins. The diastereoselection in the case of monosubstituted derivatives greatly depends on the nature of the 5-endo substituents. Non-chelating groups direct the addition from the sterically less congested exo-face, diagonal to the substituent, while chelating substituents, such as an alkoxy or acetoxy units, induce a complete reversal in the selectivities. The presence of an oxygen atom directly linked to the norbornyl framework is crucial for eliciting a chelating effect because an acetoxymethyl (-CH2OAc) group exhibits normal behavior and acts as a non-chelating group. The dramatic influence (reversal) of an apparently innocuous exo-Me substituent is noted