UPPER TRIASSIC SPHINCTOZOAN SPONGES FROM NORTHEN CALABRIA (SOUTHERN ITALY)

Three sphinctozan sponges: Amblysiphonella sp., Colospongia sp. and the new species Deningeria iannacei n. sp., are described from a loose boulder derived from Triassic dolomites ("Dolomia principale") of the Argentino valley in Northern Calabria (Southern Italy). All three genera are reported for the first time from Calabria. The sphinctozoans are associated with other sponges (inozoans, "sphinctozoans," "hydrozoans", chaetetids), "microproblematica", foraminifers, abundant worm tubes, biogenic crusts, and rare dasycladacean algae. The age of the association is referred to Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian) on the basis of its similarity to the classic reef assemblages of Upper Triassic in the Tethys realm and by the close proximity of the boulder to the well dated (macrofauna) outcropping Upper Triassic carbonate successions.&nbsp

Lovcenipora iranica nov. sp., an unusually large chaetetid sponge from the Upper Triassic (Howz-e Khan member, Nayband Formation) of northeast Iran

Sponges are the most important reef builders in the bio-constructions imbedded within the Norian-Rhaetian Nayband Formation at various localities exposed in central Iran. Besides sphinctozoans and inozoans, hypercalcified sponges, i. e. chaetetids and spongiomorphids, are relatively abundant in some biohermal and biostromal reef structures. In these reefs, chaetetids are usually small (<10 cm). However, an unusually large species was found in the reefs near the village Hassan-Abad in the Ferdows area, northeast Iran. This species is described as Lovcenipora iranica nov. sp. Associated organisms are usually fragments of small-sized dendroid spongiomorphids.Schwämme sind die wichtigsten Riffbildner in den Biokonstruktionen, die verschiedentlich in die Nayband Formation im Zentraliran eingebettet sind. Neben Sphinctozoen und Inozoen sind in einigen biohermen und biostromen Riffstrukturen hyperkalzifizierte Schwämme (Chaetetiden und Spongiomorphiden) relativ häufig. Die Chaetitiden dieser Riffe sind üblicherweise klein (<10 cm). Allerdings wurde ein ungewöhnlich großes Exemplar in einem Riff nahe des Dorfes Hassan-Abad in der Gegend von Ferdows, NO Iran, gefunden. Dieser Schwamm wird hier als neue Art, Lovcenipora iranica nov. sp., beschrieben. Mit dem Fossil assoziiert sind Fragmente von kleinwüchsigen dendroiden Spongiomorphiden

LERCARITUBUS PROBLEMATICUS FLÜGEL, SENOWBARI-DARYAN & DI STEFANO AND VANGIA TELLERI (FLÜGEL): TWO PROBLEMATIC ORGANISMS FROM THE PERMIAN JAMAL FORMATION OF SHOTORI MOUNTAINS, NORTHEAST IRAN

Lercaritubus problematicus Flügel, Senowbari-Daryan &amp; Di Stefano and Vangia telleri (Flügel) and enigmatic calcareous fossils, known from the Sicily, Guadalupe Mountains, USA and Oman is described from the Permian Jamal Formation of Shotori Mountains, northeast Iran. The new genus name Vangia is introduced for Uvanella? telleri Flügel. The systematic position of Vangia telleri (Flügel) nov. comb. as possibly cyanobaterium and its relationships with Bacinella irregularis Radoicic, an abundant enigmatic fossil in Jurassic-Cretaceous shallow water deposits, is discussed.

THALAMID SPONGES FROM THE UPPER TRIASSIC (NORIAN-RHAETIAN) NAYBAND FORMATION NEAR WALI-ABAD, SE ABADEH, CENTRAL IRAN(CONTRIBUTION TO TRIASSIC PALEONTOLOGY OF IRAN 4)

An association of thalamid sponges including Amblysiphonella, Nevadathalamia, Stylothalamia, and Neoguadalupia, with the hexactinellid Casearia is described from the Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian) Nayband Formation of Hambast-Mts. near the small town of Wali-Abad (Abadeh region, central Iran). These Norian-Rhaetian (Neoguadalupia, Amblysiphonella, Nevadathalamia) and Liassic (Stylothalamia columnaris Le Maitre) thalamid sponge assemblages are exceptional associations, not previously reported from Iran nor from other localities in the world. The microfacies and organism associations in the sponge-bearing carbonates is discussed. Differences of macro- and microfaunal composition, as well as flora, support the recognition of Kristan-Tollmann et al. to classify the Nayband Formation in the Abadeh region as of a distinct unit, termed the "Wali-Abad-Faziesregion". Following thalamid sponge species are described as new: Nevadathalamia waliabadensis n. sp. and Stylothalamia hambastensis n. sp.&nbsp

Kendala Indonesia Menjadi Negara Maju

Negara maju adalah negara-negara yang sudah makmur dalam bidang ekonomi dan sosial, berkat keberhasilannya dalam menggunakan kemajuan teknologi terkini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk tujuan dari artikel ini adalah untuk menambah pengetahuan dan menambah wawasan tentang apa saja kendala Indonesia untuk&nbsp; menjadi negara yang maju dan makmur dalam aspek kemiskinan, pendidikan, kesehatan serta dalam aspek sumber daya manusia. Metode penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan (Library Research). Penelitian kepustakaan (Library Research) adalah penelitian yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan kepustakaan (Library) berupa buku dan laporan atau catatan hasil penelitian yang sebelumnya. Masih banyak kendala Indonesia untuk menjadi negara maju tetapi tidak menutup kemungkinan Indonesia menjadi negara maju karena terdapat beberapa aspek yang menjadikan Indonesia unggul dari negara lain

FLATSCHKOFELIA ANISICA GEN. ET SP. N. (FORAMINIFERIDA) FROM THE MIDDLE TRIASSIC (ANISIAN) OF NORTHERN DOLOMITES, ITALY

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The Future – Disruptive Optometry

Change is the only constant. How our profession embraces, and indeed leads, disruption will be the key to our collective successful future. The pace of disruption, both in our world and in our industry, is accelerating, forcing independent optometrists to examine their practices with a view to meeting changing patient needs and embracing technology, while also ensuring patient safety. This opportunity allows the profession of optometry to get ahead of the curve and lead change, rather than be a victim of it. The Canadian Association of Optometrists invited four leaders in the industry to provide their perspectives on disruptive optometry and how optometrists can be the disruptor, rather than the disrupted

Fanthalamia kadiri nov. sp., a new “Sphinctozoan” sponge from the Triassic (Carnian) of Turkey

A new sphinctozoid sponge - Fanthalamia kadiri - is described from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of the Antalya area, southern Turkey. This is the second species of the genus Fanthalamia found in Upper Triassic rocks of Turkey.Baba Senowbari-Daryan, Michael Link & Diego C. García-Bellid

SOME INOZOID SPONGES FROM UPPER TRIASSIC (NORIAN-RHAETIAN) NAYBAND FORMATION OF CENTRAL IRAN

Some small-scaled Norian-Rhaetian reefs and reef mounds are imbedded within the shales, siltstones and siliciclastic-carbonate deposits of the Nayband Formation in central Iran. These deposits belong to the central Iranian plate as part of the Cimmerian Continent. Most of the biogenic rocks have a biostromal geometry, biohermal constructions are rare. Inozoid, sphinctozoid, and chaetetid sponges are, beside of corals and other reef builders, the most important reef organisms within these bioconstructions. In some reefs a variety of hexactinellid sponges also occur. The following inozoid sponges are described in this paper: Radiofibra norica n. sp., Permocorynella maxima n. sp., ?Sestrostomella robusta, Marawandia iranica, n. gen., n. sp. and Enaulofungia? triassica n. sp. The first four taxa are among the most abundant sponges within the Nayband Formation where it is exposed in several localities in central Iran. Enaulofungia? triassica, however, is not an abundant sponge there. These inozoid sponges have never been reported from the Triassic deposits of this region. Radiofibra, until now known only from the Upper Permian of Djebel Tebaga (Tunisia), is reported here for the first time from Triassic rocks. The stratigraphic as well as the paleogeographic distribution of all the genera are discussed.&nbsp; &nbsp