« Manger de la hanité » : la tradition musicale ouïghoure en temps de rééducation

En février 2019, deux spectacles musicaux d’envergure mettant en scène des résidents de la Région autonome ouïghoure du Xinjiang ont été largement diffusés sur les réseaux sociaux chinois. Ces deux spectacles, un gala des récoltes dans le canton de Mekit et une représentation par une enseignante ouïghoure de Qumul, montraient des Ouïghours vêtus de costumes culturels han et jouant de l’opéra de Pékin. Ces cinq dernières années, depuis le lancement de la « Guerre populaire contre le terrorisme » (People’s War on Terror), l’espace dédié aux spectacles de chants et de danses traditionnels ouïghours s’est profondément réduit. Dans le même temps, celui consacré aux Ouïghours mettant en scène leur hanité (Hanness) à travers l’opéra traditionnel chinois et les chants rouges s’est considérablement accru. S’appuyant sur des données issues des médias de langues chinoise et ouïghoure, une enquête de terrain ethnographique ainsi que sur des entretiens avec des Ouïghours de la diaspora, cet article analyse l’évolution du rôle de la musique dans la vie religieuse et rituelle ouï-ghoure, retraçant la façon dont les ministères successifs de la culture ont démultiplié leurs tentatives pour détacher la musique ouïghoure de ses origines soufies islamiques, dans le but de produire une « différence autorisée » non-menaçante (Schein 2000). Depuis 2016, la campagne de rééducation du gouvernement chinois sur la société ouïghoure a intensifié cette déconnexion, encourageant jusqu’à l’effa-cement de la « différence » garantie par l’État, mettant auparavant en scène des Ouïghours parés d’exotisme et heureux. La musique traditionnelle han est en train de remplacer la musique traditionnelle ouïghoure, témoignant d’une intensification de la violence symbolique exercée à l’égard du savoir traditionnel et de l’esthétique ouïghours. À l’ère de la rééducation ouïghoure, la représentation musicale sur scène est devenue un espace dédié à des rites politiques d’allégeance à une vision nationaliste han de l’État chinoi

Spirit Breaking: Uyghur Dispossession, Culture Work and Terror Capitalism in a Chinese Global City

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2018This study argues that Uyghurs, a Turkic-Muslim group in contemporary Northwest China, and the city of Ürümchi have become the objects of what the study names “terror capitalism.” This argument is supported by evidence of both the way state-directed economic investment and security infrastructures (pass-book systems, webs of technological surveillance, urban cleansing processes and mass internment camps) have shaped self-representation among Uyghur migrants and Han settlers in the city. It analyzes these human engineering and urban planning projects and the way their effects are contested in new media, film, television, photography and literature. It finds that this form of capitalist production utilizes the discourse of terror to justify state investment in a wide array of policing and social engineering systems that employs millions of state security workers. The project also presents a theoretical model for understanding how Uyghurs use cultural production to both build and refuse the development of this new economic formation and accompanying forms of gendered, ethno-racial violence. It argues that the violence of state-directed capitalist dispossession is shown to break the spirit and vitality of Uyghur sociality while linking Han life paths to this new form of domination and exploitation

Terror Capitalism: Uyghur "Reeducation" and the Chinese Security Industrial Complex

Video of full lecture with presentation slides edited into video.Darren Byler, Lecturer, University of Washington - The new system of control that targets Turkic minority populations in Northwest China has widespread implications for how humans experience their own existence, minority-majority social relations, and the expansion of authoritarian forms of capitalist development. This system, which is attempting to transform Uyghur and other Turkic minority societies, is made up of a multi-billion dollar industry of computer-vision technologies, militarized policing, and the mass mobilization of Chinese civil servants and Han industrialists. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in the Uyghur homeland, this talk describes the history which produced these new forms of surveillance and demonstrates the quotidian experience of their effects in Uyghur society. It argues that this system of "reeducation" is, in fact, a social engineering system that works in concert with a Chinese form of illiberal capitalism. As it is implemented, it has the effect of partitioning and radically disempowering those already marginalized within national and international global systems. It shows that these new automated forms of surveillance, coercive Han-centric education systems, as well as new modes of state-enforced capitalist discipline amplify the power of those who engineer and implement these systems while rapidly disintegrating minority social systems.Cornell East Asia Program1_1yniuvy

Eliminate all illegal births: Negative eugenics and Uyghur women as objects of contestation

In 2021 state statistics demonstrated that for the first time in modern history the Uyghur population itself has begun to recede. This demographic shift is the result of both endemic family separation and the implementation of systematic gynecological exams, IUD insertions, and surgical sterilization. This article places this negative eugenics campaign in conversation with older colonial systems that strove to maintain control over women’s bodies by considering anthropological scholarship on hygiene and reproduction. It contends that contemporary eugenics in China should be seen as related to the history of racial and colonial logics, and the normalization of public health discourse in Europe and North America, even as it is adapted to new “counterterrorism” purposes in Northwest China

Darren Byler, Terror Capitalism: Uyghur dispossession and masculinity in a Chinese city

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