A Holistic View of the Goto-Kakizaki Rat Immune System: Decreased Circulating Immune Markers in Non- Obese Type 2 Diabetes

Type-2 diabetes is a complex disorder that is now considered to have an immune component, with functional impairments in many immune cell types. Type-2 diabetes is often accompanied by comorbid obesity, which is associated with low grade inflammation. However,the immune status in Type-2 diabetes independent of obesity remains unclear. Goto-Kakizaki rats are a non-obese Type-2 diabetes model. The limited evidence available suggests that Goto-Kakizaki rats have a pro-inflammatory immune profile in pancreatic islets. Here we present a detailed overview of the adult Goto-Kakizaki rat immune system. Three converging lines of evidence: fewer pro-inflammatory cells, lower levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and a clear downregulation of pro-inflammatory signalling in liver, muscle and adipose tissues indicate a limited pro-inflammatory baseline immune profile outside the pancreas. As Type-2 diabetes is frequently associated with obesity and adipocyte-released inflammatory mediators, the pro-inflammatory milieu seems not due to Type-2 diabetes per se; although this overall reduction of immune markers suggests marked immune dysfunction in Goto-Kakizaki rats. Copyright © 2022 Seal, Henry, Pajot, Holuka, Bailbé, Movassat, Darnaudéry and Turner.Diabète maternel et vulnérabilité neuropsychiatrique chez la descendance : rôle de la méthylation de l'AD

Proc Nutr Soc

The developmental period constitutes a critical window of sensitivity to stress. Indeed, early-life adversity increases the risk to develop psychiatric diseases, but also gastrointestinal disorders such as the irritable bowel syndrome at adulthood. In the past decade, there has been huge interest in the gut-brain axis, especially as regards stress-related emotional behaviours. Animal models of early-life adversity, in particular, maternal separation (MS) in rodents, demonstrate lasting deleterious effects on both the gut and the brain. Here, we review the effects of MS on both systems with a focus on stress-related behaviours. In addition, we discuss more recent findings showing the impact of gut-directed interventions, including nutrition with pre- and probiotics, illustrating the role played by gut microbiota in mediating the long-term effects of MS. Overall, preclinical studies suggest that nutritional approaches with pro- and prebiotics may constitute safe and efficient strategies to attenuate the effects of early-life stress on the gut-brain axis. Further research is required to understand the complex mechanisms underlying gut-brain interaction dysfunctions after early-life stress as well as to determine the beneficial impact of gut-directed strategies in a context of early-life adversity in human subjects

Vulnérabilité à l'éthanol chez le rat adolescent et adulte

Le stress prenatal augmente la vulnerabilIte a certames substances d abus chez le rat. L objectif de cette thèse était de déterminer si un stress subit in utero pouvait moduler durablement la vulnérabilité à l'éthanol. Deux aspects de Ia vulnérabilité ont été explorés: 1) la sensibilité aux effets produits par une administration d'éthanol: 2) la propension à consommer cette substance. Comparés aux témoins, les animaux adolescents stressés étaient moins sensibles aux effets d'une injection d'éthanol au niveau hormonal (activation de l'axe c0l1icotrope) et neurobiologique (activation des défenses anti oxydantes dans l'hippocampe). Une alcoolisation chronique avait un effet délétère sur la mémoire des rats témoins. mais de façon surprenante améliorait les performances mnésiques des stressés. Ces effets pourraient être sous-tendus par les modulations opposées des récepteurs mGlu observées dans l'hippocampe après l'alcoolisation. Chez des animaux mâles isolés (1 rat par cage), le stress prénatal n'altérait pas la préférence pour l'éthanol Cependant. un traitement chronique à l'éthanol augmentait spécifiquement chez les animaux stressés les quantités de [Delta]FosB (un facteur de transcription impliqué dans la vulnérabilité à la consommation de drogues) dans le noyau accumbens. Chez des femelles adolescentes, les conditions d'élevage (rats isolés ou par paires) modulaient différemment la consommation d'alcool des stressées et témoins. Ces données indiquent que le stress prénatal modifie durablement la vulnérabilité à l'éthanol chez le rat et soulignent l'importance de prendre en compte l'histoire de l'individu. même très précoce. pour appréhender la genèse des conduites addictives.In rats, exposure to prenatal stress leads to a greater vulnerabiliy to several drugs of abuse (i.e. psychostimulants and opiates). The aim of the present work was to examine the impact of a prenatal stress (restraint stress of the pregnant dam) on ethanol vulnerability in adolescent and adult rats. Two distinct aspects of the vulnerability were evaluated : 1) the individual differences in the ethanol sensitivity: 2) the spontaneous consumption of ethanol Prenatally stressed rats were less sensitive than control rats to the effects of an ethanol injection during adolescence at the hormonal (HPA. axis activation) and neural (antioxidant defences in the hippocampus) levels. A chronic ethanol treatment induces memory impairments in control rats, whereas it has a beneficial effect on memory in rat subjected to a prenatal stress. These opposite effects could be mediated by the differential modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors' levels in the hippocampus reported after the ethanol exposure. Prenatal stress has no impact on ethanol preference in isolated male rats. However. a chronic êlhanol treatment increased selectively the [Delta]FosB levels. a transcription factor involved in the vulnerability to drugs consumption, in the nucleus accumbens of prenatally stressed rats. Finally, we observed in female rats interplay between prenatal stress and rearing conditions on the ethanol consumption. Together, these data indicate that prenatal stress, in interaction with other experimental factors, can affect the ethanol sensitivity and consumption. They stress the importance to consider early life events in the study of the addictive behaviour genesis.LILLE1-Bib. Electronique (590099901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Vulnérabilité à l'éthanol chez le rat adolescent et adulte (impact du stress prénatal)

LILLE1-BU (590092102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Early and later adoptions differently modify mother-pup interactions

Life events occurring during the perinatal period have strong long-term effects. In rats, prenatal stress, postnatal maternal separations, or adoptions at different periods are known to affect behavior and reactivity to stress in offspring. To determine the role of maternal factors on differential outcome adoptions, the authors investigated interactions between pups and the adopting mothers by assessing both pups' ultrasound emissions and maternal behavior. Early and late adoptions increased mother care at the moment of adoption and during mother-infant reunion after a separation procedure. However, although early adoption induced a decrease in pups' ultrasound emissions in response to a stressful separation, later adoptions enhanced it. Results suggest a sensitive period during which fostering may change pups' and dams' behavior

Maternal high-fat diet leads to hippocampal and amygdala dendritic remodeling in adult male offspring

Early-life exposure to calorie-dense food, rich in fat and sugar, contributes to the increasing prevalence of obesity and its associated adverse cognitive and emotional outcomes at adulthood. It is thus critical to determine the impact of such nutritional environment on neurobehavioral development. In animals, maternal high-fat diet (HFD) consumption impairs hippocampal function in adult offspring, but its impact on hippocampal neuronal morphology is unknown. Moreover, the consequences of perinatal HFD exposure on the amygdala, another important structure for emotional and cognitive processes, remain to be established. In rats, we show that adult offspring from dams fed with HFD (45% from fat, throughout gestation and lactation) exhibit atrophy of pyramidal neuron dendrites in both the CA1 of the hippocampus and the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Perinatal HFD exposure also impairs conditioned odor aversion, a task highly dependent on BLA function, without affecting olfactory or malaise processing. Neuronal morphology and behavioral alterations elicited by perinatal HFD are not associated with body weight changes but with higher plasma leptin levels at postnatal day 15 and at adulthood. Taken together, our results suggest that perinatal HFD exposure alters hippocampal and amygdala neuronal morphology which could participate to memory alterations at adulthood

Maternal high-fat diet prevents developmental programming by early life stress

Background: Anxiety disorders and depression are well documented in subjects exposed to adverse childhood events. Recently, maternal obesity and maternal consumption of high-fat diets (HFD) have been also proposed as risk factors for offspring mental health. Here, using an animal model in rats, we explored the combinatorial effects of perinatal exposure to HFD and stress in offspring. Methods: Dams were exposed to HFD throughout gestation and lactation and maternal separation (MS) was used to mimic early psychosocial stress. Results: In the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of pups, MS led to changes in the expression of several genes such as Bdnf (brain derived neurotrophic factor), 5HT-r1a (serotonin receptor 1a) and Rest4 (neuron-restrictive silencer element, repressor element 1, silencing transcription factor (Rest), splicing variant 4). Contrary to our hypothesis, perinatal HFD strongly attenuated the developmental alterations induced by MS. Furthermore, maternal HFD totally prevented the endophenotypes associated with MS in adulthood. Notably, perinatal HFD per se had no impact in the offspring. Finally, we show that HFD intake reduced anxiety and enhanced maternal care in stressed dams. Conclusions: Our results reveal a protective effect of fat on the immature brain in a context of early life stress, possibly through an anti-stress effect in dams

Prenatal retinoic acid exposure reveals candidate genes for craniofacial disorders

Abstract Syndromes that display craniofacial anomalies comprise a major class of birth defects. Both genetic and environmental factors, including prenatal retinoic acid (RA) exposure, have been associated with these syndromes. While next generation sequencing has allowed the discovery of new genes implicated in these syndromes, some are still poorly characterized such as Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral Spectrum (OAVS). Due to the lack of clear diagnosis for patients, developing new strategies to identify novel genes involved in these syndromes is warranted. Thus, our study aimed to explore the link between genetic and environmental factors. Owing to a similar phenotype of OAVS reported after gestational RA exposures in humans and animals, we explored RA targets in a craniofacial developmental context to reveal new candidate genes for these related disorders. Using a proteomics approach, we detected 553 dysregulated proteins in the head region of mouse embryos following their exposure to prenatal RA treatment. This novel proteomic approach implicates changes in proteins that are critical for cell survival/apoptosis and cellular metabolism which could ultimately lead to the observed phenotype. We also identified potential molecular links between three major environmental factors known to contribute to craniofacial defects including maternal diabetes, prenatal hypoxia and RA exposure. Understanding these links could help reveal common key pathogenic mechanisms leading to craniofacial disorders. Using both in vitro and in vivo approaches, this work identified two new RA targets, Gnai3 and Eftud2, proteins known to be involved in craniofacial disorders, highlighting the power of this proteomic approach to uncover new genes whose dysregulation leads to craniofacial defects