Organic farming in Bela krajina and some future perspectives

Abstract Since 1998 legal foundations of organic farming in Slovenia have been regulated. Although the supply of organic crops and products has been enlarged, it is not sufficient due to the rising demand. The article presents activities in organic farming, their distribution and productivity. The studied organic farms are situated in Bela Krajina (the southern part of southeastern Slovenia), which lies along the border with Croatia and is also the least polluted landscape in Slovenia. Organic farmers from this area are faced with low income per family member, the lack of manpower, the labour shortage and over-distance market locations. To improve mentioned situation the arrangement of inheritance question, the increased creative enthusiasm for processing and marketing as well as the expansion of local tourism with traditional organic food and products made by organic materials, namely organic textiles and biocomposed products, must be taken into account

THE STUDY OF CHANGING GENOTYPE STRUCTURE IN CYCLICAL RENEWAL OF SEEDS

Velika fenotipska sličnost brojnih linija "čistog" kultivara sprječava izravno proučavanje opstanka pojedine linije. U razdobliu 1985-1987. i 1988-1991. u Ljubljani obavljeni su bločni poljski pokusi u kojima je simuliran opstanak nekih linija na modelu mješavina kultivara. Kultivari ozime pšenice (Triticum aestivum L. var. aestivum): Lorya (L), Nizija (N), Jugoslavija (J) rasli su u uvjetima međusobne konkurencije kao dvostruke mješavine: L+N, L+J, N+J i trostruka mješavina: L+N+J. Ocjena opstanka pojedinog kultivara u mješavini bila je moguća zbog fenotipske različitosti kultivara. Godine 1985. Posijano je aprobirano sjeme L sortne reprodukcije u omjeru 600/2:600/2 ili 600/3:600/3:600/3 klijavih sjemena na m² u kultivarima mješavine. U procesu vlastitog sjemenarenja godina 1986, 1988, 1989. i 1990. Posijano je neaprobirano sjeme mješavina u jednakom omjeru kultivara, uzevši u obzir urod protekle godine. U agrotehniku je bib uključeno tretiranje herbicidima i dva prihranjivanja dušikom, dok je tretiranje protiv bolesti i štetnika bilo izostavljeno. Rezultati testirani x²- testom pokazali su statistički signifikantne otklone (P<0,05) glede opstanka različitih kultivara pojedinih godina u usporedbi s početnim omjerom. Nakon petogodišnjeg sjemenarenja omjeri uroda u mješavinama su iznosili: L+N=47:53, L+J=36:64, N+J=42:58 i L+N+J-19:32:49. Pomoću eksponenta godišnjeg umnožavanja (5 godina) izračunata je prisutnost pojedinog kultivara u mješavini nakon 15 godina sjemenarenja (L+N=53:47, L+J=18:82, N+J=20:80 i L+N+J-6:18:76). Ustanovljene promjene su nastale uslijed međusobnih bioloških utjecaja kultivara u ovisnostio ekološkim uvjetima. Degeneracija se odražava kao promjena zastupljenosti pojedinih kultivara u procesu vlastitog sjemenarenja.The great phenotypical similarity among numerous lines of "pure" cultivar does not allow the direct study of the suruival of an individual line. Field block trials were conducted from 1985 to 1987 and from 1988 to 1991 near Ljubljana in which survival among lines was simulated using the model of variety mixture. Cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. aestivum), cvs. Lonja (L), Nizija (N) and Jugoslavija (J) were grown in conditions of competition as double mixtures: L+N, L+J, N+J, and as a triple mixture: L+N+J. The phenotypical distinction between cultivars in the mixture enabled an assessment of the survival of an individual cultivar. In 1985 "certified seed" (1. generation) was sown in the ratios 600/2:600/2 or 600/3:600/3:600/3 germination seeds per m². In the years 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990 "uncertified home produced seed" was sown in the same proportion among cvs. as the yield produced the previous year. During the growth period herbicides and two N treatments were applied, but no protection against disease or pests was used. Results tested using x²-test showed a statistically significant deviation (P<0.05) in the survival rates of cvs. each year compared with the initial ratios. After the fifth year of cyclical renewal the proportions of yields in mixtures were as follows: L+N = 47:53, L+J = 36:64, N+J = 42:58 and L+N+J=19:32:49. Using the exponent of the annual multiplication the presence of individual cultivar in the mixture after 15 years of cyclical renewal was calculated (L+N= 53:47 , L+J= 18:82, N +J=20:80 and L+N+J=6:18:76). The changes observed arose due to biological influences among cultivars depending on ecological conditions. Degeneration appeared as the proportions of cultivars changed in the course of cyclical renewal of seeds

EFFECT OF MAINTAINING SELECTION ON THE YIELD OF SOME WHEAT CULTIVARS

S ciljem proučavanja doprinosa uzdržne selekcije i sjemenarstva povećanju uroda ozime pšenice u razdoblju je 1986. - 1987. i 1988. - 1991. u Ljubljani bio postavljen poljski pokus s cv. Loja, Nizija i Jugoslavija i to s varijantom „aprobirano sjeme I. Reprodukcije“ i sa kontrolnom varijantom „neaprobirano vlastito sjeme“. Obje varijante sjemena su bile tretirane sa istim zaštitnim sredstvom i posijane s po 600 klijavih zrna/m². U agrotehniku je bilo uključeno tretiranje sa herbicidima i 2 prihranjivanja s dušikom, dok je tretiranje protiv bolesti i štetnika bilo izostavljeno. Rezultati su pokazali, da je u prosjeku za 3 kultivara doprinos uzdržne selekcije i sjemenarstva povećanju uroda, koje je iznosilo 8,85%, bio statistički značajan (P < 0,05). Sa stanovišta svakog kultivara posebno, taj doprinos je bio statistički značajan samo kod cv. Lonja, kod kojeg je učinak uzdržne selekcije i sjemenarstva imosio 16,7% odnosno 940 kg/ha. Kultivari Nizija i Jugoslavija su imali u varijanti s aprobiranim sjemenom samo za 4,8% odnosno 4,6% veći urod od varijante s neaprobiranim sjemenom, što financijski ne opravdava upotrebu aprobiranog sjemena. Aprobirano sjeme je u četverogodišnjem prosjeku dalo značajno najveći urod (6.570 kg/ha).A field trials with cvs. Lonja, Nizija and Jugoslavija, each of them with two variants: „certified seed“ and control „uncertified home produced seed“ were conducted from 1986 to 1987 and from 1988 to 1991 near Ljubljana to determine the effect of maintaining selection and seed technology on the yield of some wheat cultivars. Both seed variants were treated with the same fungicide and seeded 600 seed/m². During the growth period herbicides and two N treatments were performed, but no pest and disease protection was used. Results showed significant (P < 0,05) effect of maintaining selection and seed technology on the yield. Average increasing of yield for three cultivars was 8,85%, but only for cv. Lonja the difference was statistically significant - the effect of maintaining selection and seed technology was 16,7% or 940 kg/ha. For other two cultivars, Nizija and Jugoslavija showed the significant greatest yield in 4 years average (6.570kg/ha)

Production and Utilization of <em>Lupinus</em> spp.

The various species of lupin or lupine (Lupinus spp.) are classified in the botanical family of legumes (Fabaceae) and in the agronomic crop grouping of grain legumes. Toxic and bitter substances in lupine plants and grain were the reason why it was used in the past mainly to improve soil fertility. With the sustainable focus of the agricultural policy of the European Union, there are real possibilities for sowing and using lupine in the future—and not only bitter varieties, which are suitable for green manure due to their rich foliage, but also selectively bred sweet varieties for grains and herbage, which are a new alternative source of protein (30 to 40%), resistant starch and dietary fiber. Sweet varieties of Mediterranean species of lupine are obtained from seeds that contain almost no alkaloids and therefore have no harmful effects on the health of humans and farm animals. Sowing of sweet lupine varieties provides an opportunity for local processing into soybean-like products. Roasted and ground beans of sweet lupine varieties can serve as an excellent coffee substitute