8 research outputs found
The role of viruses in human carcinogenesis
Procjenjuje se da virusne infekcije pridonose nastanku 15 ā 20 % svih malignih tumora ljudi. Kao obligatorni intracelularni paraziti, virusi kodiraju proteine koji reprogramiraju signalne puteve odgovorne za kontrolu proliferacije, diferencijacije, smrti stanice, genomskog integriteta, kao i prepoznavanja od strane imunoloÅ”kog sustava. Virusni sustavi podržavaju koncept da je za razvoj tumora potrebna akumulacija meÄusobno povezanih dogaÄaja. Virusi koji su do sada prihvaÄeni
kao etioloÅ”ki Äimbenici ljudskih malignoma ukljuÄuju hepatitis B virus, Epstein-Barr virus,
humani papiloma virus, virus leukemije ljudskih T-stanica, hepatitis C virus, te joÅ” nekoliko ljudskih onkogenih virusa. ObiÄno protekne niz godina od infekcije do razvoja tumora i veÄina inficiranih
osoba ne razvije rak, iako imunoloÅ”ki kompromitirane osobe pokazuju veÄi rizik za nastanak
tumora povezanih s virusima. Malo je vjerojatno da je virus sam dovoljan da transformira normalnu stanicu u tumorsku. Vjerojatnija je moguÄnost da kombinirano djelovanje virusnih proteina i mutacije staniÄnih gena zajedno vode tumorogenezi.It is estimated that viral infections contribute to 15-20 % of all human cancers. As obligatory intracellular parasites, viruses encode proteins which reprogramme host cellular signalling pathways which in turn control proliferation, differentiation, cell death, genomic integrity, and recognition by the immune system. Viral systems support the concept that cancer development occurs by accumulation of multiple cooperating events. Viruses are now accepted as etiologic factors of human cancer, and include hepatitis B virus, Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomaviruses, human T-cell leukemia virus and hepatitis C virus, plus several candidate human cancer viruses. Many years may pass between initial infection and tumor appearance. Most infected individuals do not develop cancer, although immunocompromised
individuals are at elevated risk of viral-associated cancers. It is unlikely that a tumor
virus is sufficient to convert a normal cell to a tumor cell. Rather, a combination of the action of viral proteins and cellular gene mutation cooperate to drive tumorogenesis
Perioral dermatitis as a consequence of prolonged use of topical corticosteroids
Cilj: Perioralni dermatitis je kroniÄna ekcematoidna i papulopustulozna upalna dermatoza kože lica od koje najÄeÅ”Äe obolijevaju žene mlaÄe i srednje dobi. Etiopatogeneza je nepoznata, a od moguÄih etioloÅ”kih Äimbenika u obzir dolaze dugotrajna uporaba topiÄkih kortikosteroida, kozmetiÄkih preparata na bazi petrolata i parafina, infektivni uzroÄnici, hormoni, gastrointestinalni poremeÄaj, neurogena upala i emocionalni stres. Prikaz sluÄaja: Prikazana je 49-godiÅ”nja žena s izrazitim eritemom kože lica, edemom kapaka te brojnim grupiranim papulama i papulopustulama na koži lica, uz brojne subjektivne simptome. Bolesnica je samoinicijativno duže od godinu dana na licu primjenjivala potentni kortikosteroidni pripravak. Rasprava i zakljuÄak: Prikaz sluÄaja govori u prilog hipotezi o važnoj ulozi topiÄkih kortikosteroida u patogenezi perioralnog dermatitisa. U radu je prikazan i pregled recentne literature o etiologiji, patogenezi i lijeÄenju bolesti.Aim: Perioral dermatitis is a chronic papulopustular and eczematous facial dermatitis which predominantly affects young to middle aged women. The etiology of perioral dermatitis is unknown, and possible etiological factors include long time use of topical corticosteroids, cosmetics with petrolatum or paraffin base, microbiological factors, hormonal factors, gastrointestinal disturbances, neurogenic inflammation and emotional stress. Case report: A 49-year-old woman presented with expressive facial skin erythema, edema of the eyelids, a number of grouped papules and papulopustules on the face, accompanied with a number of subjective symptoms. Patient used potent corticosteroid preparations on the face for more than a year. Discussion and conclusion: The case supports the hypothesis that topical corticosteroids have an important role of in the pathogenesis of perioral dermatitis. This paper presents an overview of recent literature on the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of the disease
Human Hair Follicle: An Update on Biology and Perspectives in Hair Growth Disorders Treatment
The Hair Follicle (HF) is a vital component of mammalian skin and represents a unique, highly regenerative
system that undergoes phases of rapid growth, regression, and resting periods. The hair cycling is of profound
clinical relevance since majority of the hair growth disorders occur as a result of cycle changes. The influence of
many molecules governing the formation of HF has been investigated and many of important cycle mediators have
been identified. Cellular and molecular events during cycling are controlled by a network of sequential activation of
autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling pathways. This implies variations in the expression or activity of the
Wnt family molecules, Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), Transforming Growth Factor Ī² (TGF-Ī²), Hedgehog pathway,
Ī²-Catenin pathway, noggin, transcription factor Stat3, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Insulin Growth Factor-1 (IGF-
1), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), Polyamine, Spermidine,
Neurotrophins (NT3, NT4), prolactin, retinoids, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4), cathepsin L, 17-Ī² estradiol,
dihydrotestosterone and many others. Despite considerable progress in this area, the key elements of cycle control
have not been identified. Therefore, for the most common hair disorders several agents are available, even none
of these is curative or preventive. The one of the prime challenges of hair research is a better understanding of the
molecular controls of hair cycling and developing drug which would effectively manipulate the cycle. Future therapy
strategies will be based on new and better knowledge about the HF biology. Until than, alopecia areata, telogen
effluvium and androgenetic alopecia, will remain unsolved medical problems
TREATMENT OF ALOPECIA AREATA: MODERN PRINCIPLES AND PERSPECTIVES
Alopecija areata (AA) Äesta je bolest koja se oÄituje neožiljnim gubitkom dlake na vlasiÅ”tu i/ili tijelu. Folikul dlake u alopeciji areati nije nepovratno uniÅ”ten, stoga potencijal za ponovni rast kose ostaje. BuduÄi da je etiopatogeneza nepoznata, lijeÄenje AA je simptomatsko i usmjereno na zaustavljanje aktivnosti bolesti. Limfociti oko dlaÄnog folikula, poviÅ”ena razina autoprotutijela, poremeÄaj citokina te udruženost s drugim autoimunosnim bolestima, podupiru hipotezu
da je AA organ-specifiÄna autoimunosna bolest. Nova su istraživanja stoga usmjerena na razvoj lijekova koji bi imunomodulatornim
ili imunosupresivnim djelovanjem potaknuli rast dlake. ProuÄavanje utjecaja novih bioloÅ”kih lijekova na rast kose, kao i razvoj genske terapije u tijeku su. U radu Äe biti raspravljeni suvremeni principi i dostupne metode lijeÄenja alopecije areate.Alopecia areata (AA) is a frequent disease with nonscarring hair loss on the scalp and/or body. Hair follicle in alopecia areata is not irreversibly destroyed, so potential for hair regrowth remains. Considering unknown etiopathogenesis, treatment of AA is symptomatic and directed toward halting disease activity. Lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate around
hair follicle, increased levels of autoantibodies, cytokine abnormalities and increased prevalence of autoimmune comorbidities, support the hypothesis of AA as an organ-specific autoimmune disorder. Therefore, investigations are directed toward new immunomodulatory or immunosupresive drugs with induction effect on hair growth. New biologic drugs and their influence on hair growth as well as genetic therapy for alopecia areata are currently under investigation. Contemporary principles in therapy of alopecia areata and treatments available will be discussed in this article
TREATMENT OF ALOPECIA AREATA: MODERN PRINCIPLES AND PERSPECTIVES
Alopecija areata (AA) Äesta je bolest koja se oÄituje neožiljnim gubitkom dlake na vlasiÅ”tu i/ili tijelu. Folikul dlake u alopeciji areati nije nepovratno uniÅ”ten, stoga potencijal za ponovni rast kose ostaje. BuduÄi da je etiopatogeneza nepoznata, lijeÄenje AA je simptomatsko i usmjereno na zaustavljanje aktivnosti bolesti. Limfociti oko dlaÄnog folikula, poviÅ”ena razina autoprotutijela, poremeÄaj citokina te udruženost s drugim autoimunosnim bolestima, podupiru hipotezu
da je AA organ-specifiÄna autoimunosna bolest. Nova su istraživanja stoga usmjerena na razvoj lijekova koji bi imunomodulatornim
ili imunosupresivnim djelovanjem potaknuli rast dlake. ProuÄavanje utjecaja novih bioloÅ”kih lijekova na rast kose, kao i razvoj genske terapije u tijeku su. U radu Äe biti raspravljeni suvremeni principi i dostupne metode lijeÄenja alopecije areate.Alopecia areata (AA) is a frequent disease with nonscarring hair loss on the scalp and/or body. Hair follicle in alopecia areata is not irreversibly destroyed, so potential for hair regrowth remains. Considering unknown etiopathogenesis, treatment of AA is symptomatic and directed toward halting disease activity. Lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate around
hair follicle, increased levels of autoantibodies, cytokine abnormalities and increased prevalence of autoimmune comorbidities, support the hypothesis of AA as an organ-specific autoimmune disorder. Therefore, investigations are directed toward new immunomodulatory or immunosupresive drugs with induction effect on hair growth. New biologic drugs and their influence on hair growth as well as genetic therapy for alopecia areata are currently under investigation. Contemporary principles in therapy of alopecia areata and treatments available will be discussed in this article
Alopecia areata ā clinical spectrum, histology and treatment
Alopecija areata neožiljni je upalni gubitak dlake na vlasiÅ”tu i/ili tijelu, nepoznate etiopatogeneze. NajÄeÅ”Äe zahvaÄeno mjesto je vlasiÅ”te. Histopatologija se oÄituje poveÄanim brojem katagenih i telogenih folikula te nazoÄnoÅ”Äu upalnog limfocitnog infiltrata u peribulbarnoj regiji. U lijeÄenju alopecije areate najÄeÅ”Äe se primjenjuju kortikosteroidi. U radu je opisana kliniÄka i patohistoloÅ”ka slika uz suvremene metode lijeÄenja alopecije areate.Alopecia areata is a nonscarring, inflammatory hair loss on the scalp, and/or body. Etiology and pathogenesis are still unknown. The most common affected site is the scalp. Histopathology
is characterized by an increased number of the catagen and telogen follicles along with the presence of inflammatory lymphocytic infiltrate in the peribulbar region. Corticosteroids
are the most popular drugs for the treatment of this disease. Clinical features, histological data as well as modern treatment options will be discussed in this article
Alopecia areata ā clinical spectrum, histology and treatment
Alopecija areata neožiljni je upalni gubitak dlake na vlasiÅ”tu i/ili tijelu, nepoznate etiopatogeneze. NajÄeÅ”Äe zahvaÄeno mjesto je vlasiÅ”te. Histopatologija se oÄituje poveÄanim brojem katagenih i telogenih folikula te nazoÄnoÅ”Äu upalnog limfocitnog infiltrata u peribulbarnoj regiji. U lijeÄenju alopecije areate najÄeÅ”Äe se primjenjuju kortikosteroidi. U radu je opisana kliniÄka i patohistoloÅ”ka slika uz suvremene metode lijeÄenja alopecije areate.Alopecia areata is a nonscarring, inflammatory hair loss on the scalp, and/or body. Etiology and pathogenesis are still unknown. The most common affected site is the scalp. Histopathology
is characterized by an increased number of the catagen and telogen follicles along with the presence of inflammatory lymphocytic infiltrate in the peribulbar region. Corticosteroids
are the most popular drugs for the treatment of this disease. Clinical features, histological data as well as modern treatment options will be discussed in this article