Socio-demographic and Parasitological Characteristics of Study Sample (N = 507) - Crude Associations with Anemia and Prevalence of Anemia within Co-infection Categories.

*<p>Total Sample could differ within strata as a function of missing data.</p>†<p>Anemia defined as Hemoglobin levels< = 11 g/dL.</p>‡<p>Tanner stage is a measure of sexual maturity, with higher numbers reflecting greater sexual maturity. Range: 1–4.5.</p>§<p>Nutritional status defined by Z-scores using American children as reference population based on 1976 NCHS data. Normal = z-score >−1, mild: −2**</p><p>M+ -includes moderate and high intensity infection burdens collapsed into one category.</p>††<p>The prevalence of anemia by ascaris intensity was 23.8%, 19.5% and 18.8% for low and M+ ascaris intensity infections respectively.</p>‡‡<p>For any pair of helminths, the category “M+ intensity infection only” includes children infected at M+ intensity with only one of the two species (e.g. S. japonicum) while the other infection is either completely absent or present only at low intensity.</p>§§<p>The reference group for any pair of helminth co-infections is defined to include the following: a) children uninfected by either species and b) children infected by only 1 of the species at low intensity.</p

Individual and Polyparasitic Helminth Infections as Determinants of Anemia in School-Age Children with Formal Assessment of Departures from Additive Risk Profile.

<p>Analyses are based on multivariable logistic regression models clustered by household of residence and adjusted for the following confounders: age, sex, socioeconomic status, village of residence, nutritional status and tanner stage.</p>†<p>The estimates below are from logistic regression models that adjusted for the intensity of the 3 other parasitic helminth species (each as an ordinal covariate).</p>‡<p>These analyses exclude concomitant low intensity infections for any two helminth species under investigation. Sample size varied from 378 to 451 in multivariable analyses as a result of the exclusion of concomitant low intensity infections. For any pair of infections being evaluated, the intensity of the other 2 helminth species are controlled for in regression models. For example, for regression models examining the effect of hookworm and S. japonicum co-infection, ascaris and trichuris intensity are included in regression models as ordinal covariates.</p>§<p>AP = Attributable Proportion.</p>**<p>SI = synergy index. 95% Confidence Interval estimated as described by Kenneth J. Rothman.</p><p>γ The interaction variables significantly improved the capacity of the regression model to explain the variability in anemia on the basis of likelihood ratio tests. All <i>χ</i>²<b>₃</b>_df ranged from 25.6 to 9.6558; associated p-values ranged from <0.0001 to 0.0217.</p>††<p>The reference population for any pair of interactions is defined to include the following: a) children uninfected by either species and b) children infected by only 1 of the species at low intensity.</p

Phylogenetic tree of complete and partial G genes from 235 Philippine rabies virus strains.

<p>The phylogenetic tree of 233 complete (1572 nt) and two partial (1549 nt) G genes was constructed using the maximum-likelihood method and bootstrap values were calculated from 500 replicates. The three major clades, Luzon (green), Visayas (blue), Mindanao (orange), and two distinct genogroups, Mindoro (pink), and South Luzon (yellow), are indicated with different colors. Dots on the map indicate the number and collection sites of each sample (one dot = one sample). Bootstrap values of greater than 90% are presented.</p

Comparison between phylogenetic trees of rabies virus N and G genes.

<p>Comparison of rabies virus phylogenetic trees for the (A) partial N gene (1124 nt) and the (B) complete G gene (1572 nt) using 57 virus strains from the Philippines and other Asian countries. The trees were constructed using the maximum-likelihood method and bootstrap values were calculated from 500 replicates. Both trees show the three major clades, Luzon (green line), Visayas (blue line), and Mindanao (orange line), and the two distinct strains from Mindoro and South Luzon. The red circle shows the Philippine strain (RV/04030PHI/2004) <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002144#pntd.0002144-Bourhy1" target="_blank">[16]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002144#pntd.0002144-Ming1" target="_blank">[19]</a> from the cluster that was previously named Asian 2b by Gong et al <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002144#pntd.0002144-Ming1" target="_blank">[19]</a>.</p

Geographic distribution of clade L.

<p>The phylogenetic tree for the G gene from 235 Philippine strains was constructed using the maximum-likelihood method and bootstrap values were calculated from 500 replicates. The condensed tree with the cut off value of 80% is presented and clade L is enlarged. There were nine subclades and three genogroups in clade L.</p

Geographic distribution of subclade L8.

<p>Subclade L8 in the phylogenetic tree of G genes from 235 Philippine strains is enlarged. L8 was further divided into two subclades, L8a and L8b. The topographical imagery in Luzon Island is shown with a green line. A condensed tree with a cut off value of 80% is presented.</p

List of rabies virus samples obtained from other countries.

<p>The reference strains that were used from the Genbank to create <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002144#pntd-0002144-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a> have been listed. The cluster was determined by Gong et al (2009).</p

Geographic distribution of clade V and M.

<p>Clades V and M in the phylogenetic tree of the G gene from 235 Philippine strains is enlarged. Clade V was subdivided into two subclades, V1 and V2, and clade M comprised one subclade (M1) and 1 genogroup (GrM1). Bootstrap value of more than 80% was observed.</p

Primer list.

<p>Primers used in this study.</p